Bronchodilator
This is the general indication for using adrenergic bronchodilators.
What is reversible airflow obstruction?
This short-acting β2 agonist is available as Ventolin, Proventil, or ProAir.
What is albuterol?
This anticholinergic bronchodilator is often combined with albuterol in DuoNeb.
What is ipratropium bromide?
This methylxanthine is commonly used clinically and has a therapeutic blood level between 5-15 mcg/ml.
What is theophylline?
This mucolytic disrupts disulfide bonds in mucus and smells like rotten eggs.
What is acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)?
Short-acting β2 agonists like albuterol are commonly called this because they relieve acute bronchospasm.
What are rescue agents?
This oldest group of inhaled bronchodilators has rapid onset but short duration and includes racemic epinephrine.
What are catecholamines?
Anticholinergics block acetylcholine at this receptor type on airway smooth muscle.
What are muscarinic receptors?
These drugs cause bronchodilation indirectly by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, which breaks down this.
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
This mucolytic breaks down DNA in mucus and is used mainly for cystic fibrosis.
What is dornase alfa (Pulmozyme)?
This class of bronchodilators includes salmeterol and formoterol and is used for maintenance, not rescue.
What are long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs)?
This youngest group of bronchodilators is the most beta-2 specific and includes albuterol.
What are saligenins?
This long-acting muscarinic antagonist used in COPD and asthma dissociates slowly from the M3 receptor for longer effect.
What is tiotropium bromide?
One serious side effect of methylxanthines related to the nervous system is this.
What are seizures?
This type of saline solution is isotonic and less likely to cause bronchospasm.
What is normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride)?
Bronchodilators that cause bronchodilation by increasing cyclic AMP and include beta-1 and beta-2 effects belong to this category.
What are sympathomimetics (adrenergics)?
This side effect of beta-agonists involves an increased heart rate.
What is tachycardia?
One common side effect of anticholinergics is this sensation in the mouth.
What is dry mouth?
Besides bronchodilation, methylxanthines have this effect that increases urine output.
What is diuresis?
This aerosol solution is hypertonic and often used for sputum induction but may cause bronchospasm.
What is hypertonic saline?
This enzyme breaks down cAMP and is inhibited by methylxanthines to cause bronchodilation.
What is phosphodiesterase?
The term for a decreased response to a drug shortly after administration is this.
What is tachyphylaxis?
The parasympathetic system causes bronchoconstriction; anticholinergics block this by decreasing the production of this molecule.
What is cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)?
This drug class can increase a COPD patient’s ventilatory drive, helping with breathing effort.
What are methylxanthines?
Sterile water is often used as a diluent but tends to be more irritating than this water type.
What is distilled water?