RAAS
Enzyme that catabolizes angiotensin from its inactive to active state.
What is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)?
Definition of primary hypertension.
What is the result of genetics, environment, and neurohormonal mechanisms?
Number of half-lives generally required to reach steady state.
DAILY DOUBLE: Define steady state.
What is 4-5 half-lives?
DD: Steady state: drug serum level stays within therapeutic range for long period of time.
The effect of aldosterone secretion on cardiac preload.
What is preload will increase.
(as volume increases)
The definition of secondary hypertension, and percentage of cases classified as secondary hypertension.
Amounts to 10% of cases of hypertension.
The blood serum effect of St. John's Wort (metabolized by CYP-450), which is considered a CYP-450 inducer.
Precursor to RAAS that is produced in the liver.
DAILY DOUBLE: Where ACE is produced.
What is angiotensinogen?
DD: The lungs
Classes of meds indicated for hypertension management (name 3)
DAILY DOUBLE: Name all classes (6)
ACEs, ARBs, vasodilators, diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers.
How do these meds address hypertension?
Alcohol has this effect on benzodiazepines.
What is potentiation?
The organ most sensitive to hypovolemia, responsible for the start of RAAS.
What are the kidneys?
As kidneys detect decreased blood flow through the nephrons, they release renin to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin.
Angioedema associated with lisinopril's inhibition of _____ breakdown?
What is bradykinin?
Increases vasopermability
Drug A is metabolized by CYP3A4, which is inhibited by grapefruit. The impact of consuming grapefruit on Drug A.
What is drug serum levels will increase.
Why renal artery stenosis is contraindicated for use of ARBs and ACEs.
What is because of the drop in intercapillary pressure d/t loss of volume may cause vessel collapse, or further stenosis?
BNP=1,200 pg/mL. What is the implication?
BNP reference= under 100pg/mL
Severe heart failure; BNP most sensitive lab value.
The elimination half-life of fluoxetine is 3 days. The number of days it would take for less than 1% fluoxetine remains.
What is 21 days?