Ch 15
Differentiate the methods used to inhale respiratory drugs
1. metered dose inhaler
2. nebulizer
3. inhaled powder
Anti-inflammatory steroids (glucocorticoids), Cromones, and Leukotriene modifiers all work by controlling what?
airway inflammation
This is meant to be a ch 15 question. Premature infants often have underdeveloped lungs and need assistance regulating the ventilation and perfusion ratio. To do this, we administer _______.
Nitric oxide - this increases vasodilation of pulmonary vasculature which increases alveolar perfusion
How do anti-microtubule agents work to prevent the growth of cancer?
They act on the microtubules of the cell to prevent/impair cell division (mitosis)
Describe how Mucolytics and Expectorants can work together.
Mucolytics- break up mucous and decrease the viscosity of mucous, making it easier to expel
Expectorants- increase production of a thinner, more liquid phlegm and ehance the effects of mucolytics
Why is using OTC cough medications for children controversial?
It puts children at risk for side effects/adverse reactions and has little to no evidence that it relieves symptoms
Drugs that stimulate the receptors on airway smooth muscle produce bronchodilation. What are the names of these receptors?
Beta-2 receptors
Why do anti-cancer drugs that affect DNA synthesis/function often cause severe/toxic side effects?
they do not discriminate between cancer cells and healthy cells
_______ encourage the body’s immune system to deal with cancer cells.
immunotherapies (aka biological therapies)
When bronchodilators are not working for people with asthma, it can be because there is another underlying cause. What is the specific cause that was mentioned in chapter 15?
Vocal cord dystonia
The function of Antitussives is to suppress cough. What category of drugs can be used as an antitussive and is often combined with decongestants in OTC products?
opioids
-hydrocodone, codeine, and dextromethorphane are used as antitussives
People with asthma often use bronchodilators. But frequent use should be avoided. What happens when people with asthma use bronchodilators too often?
frequent use of bronchodilator > increased airway irritation > increased asthma response/episode > increased use of bronchodilator
Anti-cancer drugs directly affect DNA synthesis/function by what 3 mechanisms?
1. binding strongly to DNA (alkylating agents, antitumor antibiotics, platinum drugs)
2. inhibiting DNA enzymes (topoisomerase inhibitors)
3. inhibiting steps in DNA/RNA synthesis (antimetabolites)
What are cytokines?
small proteins that play important role in immune responses
When babies are born prematurely, sometimes they can't produce their own ______, which decreases the surface tension in alveoli.
surfactant
Decongestants work by vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa and should be administered locally (nasal spray) whenever possible. Why should we not administered decongestants systemically (orally)?
They are typically epinephrin analogs and can increase HR/palpitations and increase BP in patients
-very dangerous for people with cardiovascular disorders!!!
Ch 15 really likes to talk about Theophylline, a powerful bronchodilator. We don't know the mechanism in which it works but we do know that too much can be toxic. What are some signs of Theophylline toxicity?
-Nausea, confusion, irritability, restlessness
-Cardiac arrhythmias, seizure
Targeted therapies focus on a specific abnormal trait in the cancer cell that is not present in healthy cells. This is fantastic because it is more selective to cancer cells and produces fewer harmful effects on healthy cells. What are the two types of target therapies?
1. Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs)
2. Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors
Name 2 types of anti-cancer vaccines.
HPV & Hep B
Supplemental oxygen can be a great thing. It can increase tolerance for exercise, decrease morbidity, and improve quality of life. What are 4 downsides to using supplemental oxygen?
1. increased fire
2. Nasal cannula, face mask can cause dry nose, nose bleeds
3. Tracheal administration can dry out airway, cause irritation & mucous occlusion
4. Oxygen toxicity
Xanthine derivatives, Beta-adrenergic agonists, and Anticholinergic drugs are all _________.
bronchodilators
Whenever possible, anti-inflammatory steroids should be administered by inhalation rather than administered orally (systemically) List 3 reasons why this is true.
1. there is less chance of systemic catabolic effects
2. there is less chance of systemic metabolic effects
3. the therapeutic dose is lower compared to oral/systemic doses because it's applied directly to airways
List 5 side effects of chemotherapy.
1. Hair loss
2. GI problems
3. Anemia
4. Fatigue
5. Neurotoxicity
6. Cardiotoxicity
7. Skin rashes
What are 5 key strategies that people can use to prevent cancer?
1. Regular exercise
2. Quit smoking cigarettes and avoid second-hand smoke
3. Eat a low-fat, high fiber diet
4. Use sunscreen and avoid excessive ultraviolet light exposure
5. Early detection/regular screenings for cancer
Oxygen toxicity refers to the incidence in which increased oxygen can lead to the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) also called "oxygen free radicals". This can damage cell membranes, cell DNA, and proteins and ultimately lead to organ damage. What are some signs?
muscle twitching, dizziness, confusion, nausea, incoordination, loss of consciousness, convulsions