Pharmacodynamics
________ is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.
Toxicology
_____ is the science and profession concerned with the preparation, storage, dispensing, and proper use of drug products.
Pharmacy
This division of the autonomic nervous system is known for the “fight or flight” response.
Sympathetic nervous system
This division of the autonomic nervous system is known as “rest and digest.”
Parasympathetic nervous system
This functional group contains an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen and is commonly found in alcohols.
Hydroxyl group
_________ bypasses the process of drug absorption and provides the greatest reliability and control over the dose of drug reaching systemic circulation.
Intravenous (IV) administration
? = Dose / Plasma Drug Concentration
Volume of Distribution?
Activation of alpha-1 receptors leads to this effect on blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction
Stimulation of the parasympathetic system causes this effect on heart rate.
Decreased heart rate
This functional group is characterized by a carbon double-bonded to oxygen and is found in aldehydes and ketones.
Carbonyl group
Type of injection given at 90 degrees.
Intramuscular (IM) administration
Permeable only to lipid-soluble drugs or those of very low molecular weight.
Blood-brain barrier
This effect on the pupils is caused by sympathetic stimulation.
Pupil dilation (mydriasis)
These receptors respond to acetylcholine in parasympathetic target organs.
Muscarinic receptors
This functional group contains a nitrogen atom and is often responsible for basic properties in drugs.
Amine group
The amount or presence of a drug in the bloodstream after it is administered.
Bioavailability
The final stage of pharmacokinetics, the process whereby drug byproducts and metabolites are eliminated from the body.
Excretion
This class of drugs blocks sympathetic activity by inhibiting beta receptors, often used to treat hypertension.
Beta blockers
Stimulation of the parasympathetic system has this effect on bronchial airways.
Bronchoconstriction
This functional group consists of a carbon double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group, making it acidic.
Carboxyl group
_____ is the ability of a drug to produce a particular effector response. In other words, it is the in vivo potency, the maximum response achieved from a drug, or the maximum effect the drug can produce.
Efficacy
The _________ is achieved when the amount of drug coming into the body equals the amount cleared from the body.
steady-state concentration
This neurotransmitter is released by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream during stress.
Epinephrine
This enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.
Acetylcholinesterase
This functional group contains sulfur and hydrogen and is sometimes called a sulfhydryl group.
Thiol group