Principles of Drug Action
The concentrated dose of Albuterol.
What is 2.5 mg/ 0.5 mL?
This is the primary structural unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
What is a neuron?
This structure is commonly known as the windpipe and connects the throat to the lungs.
What is the trachea?
This English author wrote the famous tragedy "Romeo and Juliet", a story about two star-crossed lovers.
Who is William Shakespeare?
This is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
What is a cell?
A drug that mimics the action of a naturally occurring substance at a receptor is called this.
What is an agonist?
This neurotransmitter, found in the neuromuscular junction, triggers muscle contraction by binding to nicotinic receptors.
What is acetylcholine?
This term refers to the amount of air a person can inhale and exhale with each breath.
What is the tidal volume?
This element, the most abundant in Earth's atmosphere, makes up about 78% of it.
What is Nitrogen?
The nucleus is often called the control center of the cell because it contains this substance, which carries the cell’s genetic information.
What is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)?
This type of inhaler uses a propellant to deliver the medication in a fine mist, and often requires coordination to activate during a slow deep inhalation.
What is an MDI?
This division of the PNS is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and redirecting blood flow to muscles.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
This large skeletal muscle plays a key role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to allow lung expansion and contraction.
What is the diaphragm?
This queen of ancient Egypt is known for her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
Who is Cleopatra?
This structure acts as the cell's boundary, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is the cell membrane?
This term describes a drug's ability to bind to a receptor but produce no response, effectively blocking the receptor.
What is an antagonist?
This type of nerve fibers transmit sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles to the central nervous system.
What are afferent fibers (or sensory neurons)?
This is the name of the serous membrane that surrounds the inner chest wall.
What is the parietal pleura.
This is the largest country in the world by land area, stretching over 17 million square kilometers.
What is Russia?
This organelle, found in eukaryotic cells, is responsible for synthesizing proteins by reading the information in mRNA.
What are ribosomes?
This process involves the removal of a drug from the body, primarily via the kidneys, but also through the lungs and feces.
What is elimination?
This protective layer of fatty tissue surrounds axons in the central nervous system, aiding in faster transmission of electrical impulses. Is is produced by which glial cell?
What are oligodendrocytes?
This is the term for the tiny hair-like structures that line the respiratory tract and help move mucus and foreign particles out of the lungs.
What are cilia?
This 20th-century South African leader became the first Black president of the country and is famous for his role in ending apartheid.
Who is Nelson Mandela?
This network of protein filaments and tubules provides the cell with structural support and helps with the movement of organelles.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A decrease in drug effectiveness over time due to repeated exposure is known as this.
What is tolerance?
This term refers to the specialized synaptic connection between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron.
What is a synapse?
A condition in which a person’s breathing is irregular, usually characterized by shortness of breath and rapid breathing.
What is tachypnea?
This soccer player, widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time, won the Ballon d'Or multiple times and played for both Barcelona and Paris Saint-Germain.
Who is Lionel Messi?
This is the process by which cells move materials against a concentration gradient, requiring energy in the form of ATP.
What is active transport?
This term describes a drug interaction in which the effect of one drug is enhanced by another drug, resulting in a stronger response than if each drug were used alone.
What is potentiation?
This physiological process refers to the transmission of electrical signals along the axon, involving the movement of sodium and potassium ions.
What is an action potential?
This is the condition caused by a genetic mutation that affects the lungs and digestive system, leading to thick mucus buildup.
What is cystic fibrosis?
This rapper and actor, known for his social activism and hits like "Changes" and "Dear Mama," tragically died in a drive-by shooting in 1996 at the age of 25.
Who is Tupac Shakur?
This specialized type of cell is responsible for contracting and generating force to move the body.
What is a muscle fiber?
The predominate receptor category in the parasympathetic nervous system.
What are cholinergic receptors?
This type of conduction, which occurs in myelinated axons, allows action potentials to travel more quickly by "jumping" from one neurofibril node to the other. This node is also known as the...
The nodes of Ranvier.
This condition is characterized by the collapse of the lung due to the loss of negative pressure in the pleural cavity, often following trauma or disease.
What is a pneumothorax?
This British band, known for songs like "Bohemian Rhapsody" and "We Will Rock You," is fronted by the late Freddie Mercury.
Who is Queen?
This organelle synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances in the cell. It also aids in the synthesis of steroids and hormones.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
This class of drugs is used to block the effects of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, commonly used to treat bradycardia and as pre-anesthetic agents.
What are anticholinergics?
Acetylcholine, released in the neuromuscular junction, triggers muscle contraction by binding to this type of receptor.
What are nicotinic receptors?
The hemoglobin molecule binds oxygen in the lungs, but it releases it in tissues with a lower pH. This phenomenon is known as the...
What is the Bohr Effect?
This Russian author is known for works such as "The Brothers Karamazov" and "Crime and Punishment".
Who is Fyodor Dostoevsky?
In this type of signaling, the signaling molecule travels through the bloodstream to affect distant target cells, as seen with insulin.
What is endocrine signaling?
This term refers to the percentage of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged after administration, and is affected by factors like first-pass metabolism.
What is bioavailability?
This disorder, often associated with autoimmune processes, is characterized by the destruction of myelin in the central nervous system.
What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?
The ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio describes the relationship between the amount of air reaching the alveoli and the amount of blood reaching the alveoli. In regions of the lung with low ventilation but normal perfusion, this condition is known as ___?
What is a shunt?
This U.S. president signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, leading to the forced relocation of Native Americans along the Trail of Tears.
Who is Andrew Jackson?
This process, in which a cell engulfs large particles or even other cells, is a form of cellular communication and defense.
What is phagocytosis?