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PAIN
DRUGS
Anti-Inflammatory &
Anti- Rheumatoid Agents
Physiology Physiology
Physiology
100
(also known as Nociception) is an individual's awareness of the feeling or sensation of pain.
Define: Pain percepertion
100
An opiate agonist gives the user the same feeling as would be experienced by an endorphin, which is a natural compound. The receptors in the brain that feel effects from opiates receive the opiate agonist and feel an opioid effect, even though one isn't really happening.
Define : Opiate agonists
100
Block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs and symptoms of inflammation
Define: Anti-Inflammatory
100
Describes fluid inside the blood vessels
what is Intravascular fluid?
100
Positively charged - Transmit nerve impules to muscles and to contract skeletal,cardiac and smooth muscles Most plentiful in the cells (potassium, magnesium and some calcium) but also extracellular in the blood vessels and tissue spaces (sodium and some calcium) and also in the GI tract -Negatively charged Are attached to cations Chloride Bicarbonate Phosphate Sulfate
Define Cations and Anions
200
is the individual's ability to endure pain
Define: Pain tolerance
200
Block the effects of opiate agonists (opiate antagonists)
Define: opiate antagonists
200
Vital role in acid – base balance - Treatment of metabolic acidosis, diarrhea with bicarbonate loss - Oral – gastric and urinary alkalinizer – many antacids - Not administered within 2 hours of enteric coated drugs - Overuse: could result in alkalosis, nausea and vomiting
What is Bicarbonate
200
Describes the fluid outside the blood vessels
What is Extravascular fluid
200
- Most abundant cationic electrolyte inside the cells (intracellular space) - Normal concentration 150 mEq/L - Potassium content outside the cells in plasma range 3.5-5.0 mEq/L -Are maintained by the adrenal gland hormone aldosterone
What is Potassium
300
Occurs when a patient requires increases in dosing to receive the same analgesic relief. Development of tolerance seems to depend on the extent duration of CNS depression.
Define: Drug tolerance
300
Expected- Gastric Irritation- occurs when medication is administered with food, milk, antacids, or large amounts of water. To be reported- Gastrointestinal Bleeding- dark tarry stools & bright red or "coffee ground" emesis.
What are the side effects of Salicylates to expect and need to be reported.
300
Volatile gases or liquids  Vaporized in oxygen  Inhaled to induce anesthesia  Adjunct to inhaled anesthetics  Sedative hypnotics  Benzodiazepines  Narcotics  Nondepolarizing or competitive agents
What is Inhaled Anesthetics
300
Describes the fluid that flows through the blood vessels
What is Plasma
300
- Counterpart to potassium - Principal cation outside cells - Normal plasma concentration 135-145 mEq/L - Maintained through dietary intake - Sodium chloride – fish, meats, seasonings
What is Sodium
400
Drugs that relieve pain without producing loss of consciousness or reflex activity
Define: Analgesic
400
Expected- Gastric Irritation- occurs when medication is administered with food, milk, antacids, or large amounts of water. Reported- Overdose, Hepatotoxicity- due to acute and chronic ingestion that has risen dramatically in the past few years.
What are the side affects should be reported or expected from the drug Acetaminophen.
400
 Administered intravenously  Used to induce or maintain general anesthesia  Induce amnesia
What is injectable Anesthesia
400
Crystalloids- Fluids that supply water and sodium to maintain osmotic gradient between extravascular and intravascular compartments. Colloids - Substances that increase colloid oncotic pressure Blood and Blood Products - Known as oxygen-carrying resuscitation fluids Lipids - Fat emulsion solutions usually indicated if IV therapy lasts longer than 5 days
What is 4 classifications for fluid replacement? And Define them.
400
- Found equally in ICF and ECF - Normal serum range 4.5-5.5 mEq/L - About half of calcium in the body fluid is bound to proteins the other half is free and causes physiologic responses - Vitamin D needed for calcium absorption in the GI tract
What is Calcium
500
Narcotic or opioids were first derived from the opium poppy. Now most are synthetically prepared. They occupy specific opioid receptors in the CNS.
Define: Narcotic Analgesics
500
Salicylates: Uses Pain (mild to moderate) Inflammation Fever (due to bacterial and viral infections) Headaches Muscle aches Reduces TIA and MI risk (antiplatelet
Salicylates: Uses
500
General  CNS depressant to cause loss of pain sensation and consciousness Local  Cause loss of pain sensation, feeling in a designated area of the body without the systemic effects associated with severe CNS depression
Types of Anesthetics
500
a solution that conducts electricity; "the proper amount and distribution of electrolytes in the body is essential for health" Imbalance occurs when the concentration of an electrolyte in the blood is either too high or too low.
What is Electrolytes and how to they affect the body?
500
Sister cation to potassium - Most plentiful in the ICF - Normal serum magnesium is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L - Hypomagnesemia - IV Magnesium sulfate - Hypermagnesemia - IV Calcium gluconate
What is Magnesium