Endo crises & Emergencies
Characterized by blood glucose levels exceeding 600 mg/dL, dehydration, and no ketoacidosis, this life threatening emergency occurs predominantly in patients with type 2 diabetes.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
Fludrocortisone is a mineralocorticoid receptor agonist that also goes by THIS name
What is Florinef?
Because metformin can cause nutritional deficiency during long-term therapy, ADA guidelines recommend periodic monitoring of this miconutrient's serum levels.
What is vitamin B12?
This synthetic form of thyroxine is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism and should be taken with water on an empty stomach 30-60 minutes before breakfast to increase absorption.
What is levothyroxine (synthroid)?
The Poison Help hotline number nationwide in the US, which routes calls directly to local poison control centers, consists of this toll-free number.
What is 1-800-222-1222?
Prior to initiating IV insulin in DKA patients, clinicians should verify that this serum electrolyte is above 3.3 mEq/L to prevent cardiac arrhythmias.
What is potassium?
This ester-formulated corticosteroid is preferred in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction because it does not require hepatic activation like prednisone
What is prednisolone?
GLP-1 receptor agonists carry a box warning against use in patients with a personal or family history of this specific endocrine malignancy.
What is medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)?
This autoimmune condition is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient countries, characterized by anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies.
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis (or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis)?
This Class III antiarrhythmic carries multiple boxed warnings, has a long elimination half-life of 40-55 days, and contains high iodine content.
What is Amiodarone?
In acute DKA resuscitations, this agent must be added to IV fluids to prevent hypoglycemia when blood glucose drops below 200 mg/dL.
What is dextrose?
Dexamethasone is the preferred systemic corticosteroid in cerebral edema and spinal cord compression because it possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity while having virtually none of this secondary receptor activity.
What is mineralocorticoid activity?
According to ADA guidelines, if an adult's blood glucose drops below 70 mg/dL, it is classified as Level 1 hypoglycemia, whereas Level 2 hypoglycemia is defined as a value below this threshold.
What is 54 mg/dL?
While both inhibit thyroid peroxidase to treat hyperthyroidism, this thionamide is preferred during the first trimester of pregnancy due to lower risk of congenital malformations associated with methimazole.
What is propylthiouracil (PTU)?
This immunosuppressive/antineoplastic agent carries a boxed warning for fatal toxicity if administered daily instead of weekly for non-oncology conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
What is Methotrexate?
Carrying a boxed warning for this, patients on SGLT2 inhibitors can present with ketosis, anion gap metabolic acidosis, and mildly elevated blood glucose levels.
What is euglycemic DKA?
Comparing glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory potencies, 20 mg of short-acting hydrocortisone is therapeutically equivalent to this many milligrams of prednisone.
What is 5 mg?
This second-generation sulfonylurea carries a higher risk of prolonged hypoglycemia compared to glucotrol (glipizide) or amaryl (glimepiride) due to its active metabolites and long duration of action.
What is diabeta/glynase (glyburide)
Secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets during hypoglycemia, this hormone stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose levels.
What is glucagon?
While the Orange Book evaluates small-molecule therapeutic equivalence, this companion book lists licensed biological products and biosimilars.
What is the Purple Book?
In patients presenting with severe hypotension unresponsive to vasopressors with hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and hypoglycemia, this life-threatening crisis requires immediate IV hydrocortisone administration without waiting for diagnostic lab confirmation.
What is an acute adrenal crisis? (Addison's crisis)
This landmark clinical trial in 2023 looked at patients with severe CAP treated in the ICU. Those who received hydrocortisone had a lower risk of death by day 28 than those who received placebo.
What is the CAPE COD trial?
Unlike other DPP-4 inhibitors, this agent does not require dose adjustment for renal impairment because it is primarily eliminated hepatically.
What is linagliptin (tradjenta)?
Unlike central diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus shows no increase in urine osmolality following exogenous desmopressin administration because the defect lies in these specific renal transport channels
What are aquaporin-2 (AQP2) channels (or V2 receptors)?
This antiarrhythmic agent is restricted to life-threatening ventricular or atrial arrhythmias (like atrial fibrillation) due to a boxed warning for inducing fatal proarrhythmias and pulmonary toxicity, requiring initial inpatient telemetry monitoring.
What is dofetilide?