Objectivity
This term refers to the idea that scientific claims should be free from personal bias, emotions, or social influences
What is objectivity
The value-free ideal suggests that science should be free from these types of influences when forming conclusions
What are social or ethical values
This term refers to throwing the scientific state into a crisis because it falls outside of existing paradigms
What is Anomalies
This strategy, used by industries to delay regulation, involves funding studies that challenge scientific consensus and create public confusion
What is the industry playbook
This scientist and philosopher critiqued the value-free ideal, arguing that values inevitably influence scientific reasoning
Who is Helen Longino
This is what someone who is epistemically dependent on scientist requires
What is trust
Proponents of the value-free ideal argue that scientific objectivity requires eliminating these from research practices
What are biases and personal values
This term refers to a breakthrough in scientific thought by the emergence of a new paradigm that better explains the anomalies, replacing the old framework
What is Scientific Revolution
Critics argue that the sperm-aggressor/egg-passive model reinforces these societal norms by framing fertilization as an act of male dominance
What are gender stereotypes
This philosopher argued that objectivity in science is achieved through intersubjective agreement among scientists
Who is Thomas Kuhn
A process where experts in a field evaluate the quality and suitability of research papers for publication, ensuring validity and improving the quality of published work
What is peer review
This is a guiding principle that steers science away from the influence of non-epistemic values when conducting scientific research
What is the Value-Free Ideal
This is the concept that suggests what we view and observe is influenced by the prior knowledge we hold
What is Theory- Ladenness of Observation
Financial support provided to researchers, institutions, and organizations to enable them to conduct studies, experiments, and investigations
What is funded research
A feminist philosopher known for her work on epistemology, objectivity, and the role of trust in knowledge production
(Was a professor at this school!)
Who is Naomi Scheman
This term refers to the belief that science is the only legitimate way to acquire knowledge and that other forms of understanding, such as philosophy or the humanities, are inferior
What is scientism
The risk of accepting a false hypothesis or rejecting a true one due to uncertainty in empirical evidence is called this
What is inductive risk
Kuhn believed that scientific revolutions are a _____ cycle
What is Circular
This is a technique that is used by various industries to hinder the truth by only showing choosing specific benefits of a product in a pursuit to weaponize doubt
What is Cherry picking
Philosopher of science known for her work on inductive risk, the role of values in science, and the rejection of the value-free ideal
Who is Heather Douglas
This term refers to the view that scientific justification depends only on factors within the scientific community, such as logical reasoning and empirical evidence
What is internalism
Critics of the value-free ideal argue that trying to remove values from science actually reinforces these, since dominant perspectives remain unchallenged
What are implicit biases
An instant change in one's perception of an organized whole
What is Gestalt Shifts
This term refers to the systematic undervaluing of research on female reproductive biology compared to male reproductive health
What is Androcentrism in biology
A contemporary historian who analyzed how the industry used science to plant doubt in the public with scientific consensus on topics such as tobacco in its relation to cancer
Who is Naomi Oreskes