Logical Fallacies
After Bob said that we should be nice to kittens, Will says Bob wants to be mean to puppies! Everyone boos Bob who is clearly a mean jerk for wanting to hurt poor, cute puppies.
What logical fallacy is this?
Strawman fallacy
We are primed to see and agree with ideas that fit our existing beliefs and to ignore or dismiss information that conflicts with them.
What cognitive bias is this?
Confirmation bias
He was accused by the Catholic Church of heresy because he believed that the sun is the center of the universe and not Earth.
Galileo
Refers to the idea that reality, truth, or morality is “absolute”— the same for everybody, everywhere, and every-when, regardless of individual culture or different situations or contexts.
Absolutism
Plutarch's thought experiment investigated the question... How many parts can you take away from a thing and still say that it is the same thing? This thought experiment is referred to as the __________ [three words].
Ship of Theseus
After Sally presents an eloquent and compelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn't married and probably eats her own boogers.
What logical fallacy is this?
Ad hominem attack
Once you understand something, you presume it to be obvious to everyone.
What cognitive bias is this?
Curse of knowledge
People called him the "wisest man" but he described himself as simply smart enough to realize that he knew nothing. He gave up work as a stonemason to teach philosophy in the streets. He was later put to death for not believing in the gods and corrupting the youth of Athens.
Socrates
The idea that what’s good or bad, right or wrong, or true or false, can be different for different people.
Relativism
This teaching/learning method involves a shared dialogue between teacher and students. The teacher leads by posing thought-provoking questions. Students actively engage by asking questions of their own. The discussion goes back and forth. This method is named after a famous philosopher.
The Socratic Method
Using the opinion or position of an authority figure, or institution of authority, in place of an actual argument.
What logical fallacy is this?
Appeal to Authority
When your core beliefs are challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly. Sometimes we do this even when the person challenging us is completely correct and we are completely wrong.
What cognitive bias is this?
The Backfire Effect
These two philosophers were a teacher and his student who disagreed about the nature of reality. The teacher believed that things in our world are not real but just copies of objects in a perfect realm (remember the Allegory of the Cave). The student said we know what's real from our experiences and senses and thinking things through. Who were they?
Plato and Aristotle
The philosophy of questioning all claims (religious, ethical, scientific, or otherwise). The word is derived from the Greek word meaning “inquiry.”
Skepticism
It's not a socially appropriate time, the people involved don't have any real knowledge about the subject, and one (or some) of the people involved are angry and not thinking clearly... These are examples of times when it would be dumb to _______ [five-letter word].
Argue
Using double meanings or vague language to mislead or misrepresent the truth.
What logical fallacy is this?
Ambiguity
The more you know, the less confident you're likely to be. It's easy to be over-confident when you don't know how much you don't know.
What cognitive bias is this?
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
This English philosopher created the thought experiment of the prince and the shoemaker. He believed that it is our memories that make us who we are, so even if a prince and the shoemaker traded bodies, the "true prince" would be wherever his memories are, regardless of his body.
John Locke
Facts are statements about something which can be directly observed and checked for accuracy. Opinions are statements that are not entirely backed with verifiable facts. __________ are logical conclusions made from verifiable facts.
For example: "When I entered the house, I saw Mr. Applebottom on the floor, shot dead, and the defendant standing there with a smoking gun in his hand. I didn't see anybody else in the house, so I figured that man must have been the killer. So I arrested him."
Inferences
The word is derived from the Latin word for ‘nothing.’ It can mean believing that nothing is real, believing that all values are based on nothing, especially moral values, or believing that life is inherently and utterly meaningless.
Nihilism
Recognizing that Amanda had committed a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double cheeseburgers every day.
[Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong.]
What logical fallacy is this?
The Fallacy Fallacy
You see personal specifics in vague statements by filling in the gaps. Psychics, astrologers and others use this bias to make it seem like they're telling you something personally relevant. For example, "You recently met a mysterious stranger."
What cognitive bias is this?
The Barnum Effect
Sextus _______ was a philosopher who believed in Pyrrhonian skepticism. This philosophy says it is best to suspend judgment because no argument is certain, and we can't know whether we can really know anything.
[Sextus] Empericus
Occam's ________ is a principle that is often simplified in statements such as: "the simplest explanation tends to be the right one." The principle is generally attributed to an English theologian, logician, and Franciscan friar. He wrote in Latin: "Numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate," or "Plurality must never be posited without necessity."
[Occam's] Razor
This logical fallacy involves cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption.
This 'false cause' fallacy is coined after a marksman shooting randomly at barns and then painting bullseye targets around the spot where the most bullet holes appear, making it appear as if he's a really good shot. Clusters naturally appear by chance, but don't necessarily indicate that there is a causal relationship.
[Answer has three words, including "the."]
The Texas Sharpshooter