Types of philosophy
Branch of philosophy that studies the nature, scope, and limits of knowledge. Some typical questions include: what is knowledge or what do people know?
Epistemology
"I think, therefore I am"
Descartes
Descartes started by doubting everything: the existence of the external world, his senses, and even his own body. He believed that many things we consider certain might be illusions or dreams. However, while doubting everything, he realized that the very act of doubting meant he was thinking, and if he was thinking, he must exist in some form. Even if everything else could be an illusion, the fact that he was thinking was undeniable.
fundamental nature of reality, exploring concepts that go beyond the physical
Metaphysics
Happiness is the highest good
Aristotle
Because Happiness is often seen as an intrinsic good, valued for its own sake, whereas other goods (wealth, power, knowledge) may be valued instrumentally for the happiness they can bring.
Questions of morality, defining what is right and wrong, good and bad, and the principles that govern human behavior.
Ethics
"The only thing I know is that I know nothing"
Socrates.
This is also known as the "Socratic Paradox," emphasizing that awareness of one's ignorance is a form of knowledge in itself.
a philosophy that everything is meaningless and has no purpose.
Nihilism
To be is to be perceived.
George Berkeley
key figure in idealism
He is basically saying existence is tied to perception. If no one is perceiving an object, then it does not exist in any meaningful way. For example, a tree in a forest is only "real" if someone is there to see it. If no one perceives the tree, then for Berkeley, it effectively does not exist.
philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them.
Poliotical Philosophy
"God is dead"
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nihilism! Nihilists belive everything is Meaningless, they contend that life lacks intrinsic meaning or significance, rejecting the idea that there are universal truths or moral values that can guide human behavior.