Who said it?
"The differences in methodology that actually
do exist between historical and experimental science are keyed to an objective and pervasive feature of nature, the asymmetry of overdetermination."
Who is Carol Cleland?
Lakatos's solution to the demarcation problem was this
What is when a series of theories is theoretically progressive?
This philosopher saw himself as improving upon a view which he called "naive"
Who is Imre Lakatos?
Lakatos criticized Kuhn for making science...
What is arational/nonrational?
The problem of induction is...
What is that we cannot make generalizations about the present/future from the past?
"His object is to solve a puzzle, preferably one at which others have failed, and current theory is required to define that puzzle and to guarantee that, given sufficient brilliance, it can be solved..."
Who is Thomas Kuhn?
According to Kuhn, these are the conditions for revolutionary science
What is: a puzzle is seen as an anomaly, a rival theory explains the anomaly, and the circumstances are right?
This is an example of Kuhn's revolutionary science
What is the Copernican Revolution? (or the Eddington Experiment)
This is Kuhn's solution to the problem of demarcation
What is science has a paradigm; pseudoscience has no paradigm?
The problem of demarcation is...
What is how we distinguish between science and pseudoscience?
"My concern is rather that Kuhn, having recognized the failure both of justificationism and falsificationism in providing rational accounts of scientific growth, seems now to fall back on irrationalism."
Who is Imre Lakatos?
Laudan's cost-benefit analysis says we should prefer a theory that maximally solves this, and minimizes those
What is the greatest number of empirical problems, and anomalous problems and conceptual problems?
Cleland says this type of science has been treated as the paradigm of "good" science
What is experimental science?
Historical science is criticized on these grounds
What is that historical theories cannot be subject to experimental tests in the same way as "good" science?
This is what Kuhn calls "normal science"
What is: a puzzle solving activity involving the use of shared paradigms?
"There is no falsification before the emergence of a better theory."
Who is Imre Lakatos?
Cleland said that whereas experimental scientists test single hypotheses, historical scientists test these
What are multiple rival hypotheses concerning particular past events?
Lakatos said that a series of theories is progressive when it is both of these
What are theoretically progressive and empirically progressive?
String theory solves many of (x) problems in physics, but solves none of (y) problems; quantum mechanics solves many (y) problems and has no known (z) problems
What are (x) conceptual problems, (y) empirical problems, and (z) anomalous problems?
This is what constitutes a "paradigm" for Kuhn
What is shared shared theories, methods, instruments, classical experiments, sanctioned texts, etc.
"We evidently have no way of ascertaining whether our theories are more truthlike or more nearly certain than they formerly were…"
Sophisticated falsificationism says that a theory T is falsified if and only if...
What is: another theory T’ has excess empirical content, explains the previous successes of T, and some of its excess empirical content is corroborated
Laudan said that science progresses when this is the case
What is when successive theories solve more problems than their predecessors?
This philosopher solved the problem of induction
Who is no one? ;)
Overdetermination is when...
What is: a fact or affair has more than one determinant at a given time?