Descartes
This refers to the level of independence that an entity has.
What is formal reality?
This is the counterexample that Hume presents against his own copy principle in Section II of the Enquiry.
What is the missing shade of blue?
The only good without qualification.
The essence of life that strives to grow, dominate, resist and has an instinct for freedom.
What is the will to power? (Nietzsche)
This is the first of de Beauvoir's moral personae, whose freedom is limited by the values imposed on them, but they embrace their freedom with play.
Who is the child?
This device, introduced in the First Meditation, is employed to remind Descartes that he has a reason to doubt his sensory and non-sensory beliefs.
What is the evil genius?
The great, arational guide to human life, whereby we are habituated to expect the future to conform to the past.
What is custom?
"I should never act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law" (Ak.402).
What is the categorical imperative (specifically, the Formula of Universal Law)?
This philosopher differs from Hume in arguing that the association of ideas interfere with reason instead of constituting it.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
Ryle accuses Descartes of making this mistake in The Concept of Mind.
What is a category mistake?
This is the organ that Descartes regards as the seat of the soul and allows the mind to interact with the body.
What is the pineal gland?
Unlike matters of fact, these objects of knowledge are known a priori, and their contraries yield a contradiction.
What are relations of ideas?
The process of humanity's emergence from its self-incurred immaturity.
What is Kant's definition of the Enlightenment?
This is a sexual virtue of temperance that Wollstonecraft claims is "prized by women, [and] despised by men" (166).
What is chastity?
This is the pejorative term Ryle uses to describe Cartesian dualism.
What is the dogma of the ghost in the machine?
These are the sources of all knowledge: Of body as extension; Of mind as thinking; Of the Union
What are the primitive notions?
Resemblance, spatial & temporal contiguity, causal connection
What are the principles of association?
The subjective principle/reason for action that an agent adopts for themself.
What is a maxim?
An unusual person who uses their intelligence to think for themself and determine meaning in the world themself.
Who is the sovereign individual? (Nietzsche)
Like the nihilist, this moral persona recognizes the arbitrariness of ends, but pursues them with joy.
Who is the adventurer?
This is the argument that the idea of God is not different than the thinking thing in which that idea is imprinted.
What is the trademark argument?
"[A]n object followed by another, and whose appearance always conveys the thought to that other" (EU 7.29).
What is (one of) Hume's definition of cause?
The use of reason in the particular role you have in society.
What is the private use of reason?
This is Ayer's theory of meaningfulness.
What is verificationism?
This moral persona rejects their subjectivity and the passion of the human condition, not realizing that this is still an exercise of their freedom.
Who is the sub-man?