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Basics
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IPA transcription - basic
Vowels
Consonants
100

What is the difference of phonetics and phonology?

phonetics = studies speech sounds, their production, transmission, perception and modulation in connected areas

phonology = studies the function of sounds in particular language

100

Give an example of a minimal pair.

/si:t/ - /mi:t/

100

Give IPA transcription of the following words:

break

freak

sew

/breik/

/fri:k/

/səʊ/

100

Vowels are more musical and carry more meaning than consonants.

TRUE/FALSE?

FALSE

carry LESS meaning

100

Depending on the place of articulation, we recognize two types of consonants - obstruents and sonorants.

false - manner of articulation, not place

200

What are the main units of phonetics and phonology?

phones = speech sounds

phonemes = a minimal distinctive and contrastive unit which can change the meaning

200

By which graphemes can the phoneme /f/ be represented?

<f>, <ff> <ph> <gh> <ough>

200

Give IPA transcription of the following words:

horse

cow

dose

/hɔːs/ or /hɔːrs/

/kaʊ/

/dəʊs/

200

What do triphthons consist of? 

closing diphthongs + schwa

200

What is the difference between obstruents and sonorants? Sort these groups to obstruents or sonorants:

approximants, fricatives, nasals, plosives, affricates, vowels

obstruents = closure or narrowing in the vocal tract, higher air pressure before the obstacle, voiced + voiceless

plosives, fricatives, affricates

sonorants = approximation or closure with an alternative release, air pressure similar before and after the obstacle, only voiced

nasals, approximants + vowels

300

Which consonant is the only with double articulation? Describe how it is articulated.

w 

labial (lips are rounded) and velar (open approximation between the back part of the tongue and velum)

  • brief glide from the position of close back vowel towards the following vowel (u-vowel-like glide with strong lip-rounding)
300

Give the list of plosives.

  • /p, b, t, d, k, g/ + glottal stop (ʔ) + alveolar tap (ɾ)
300

Give IPA transcription of the following words:

certain

station

worse

/ˈsɜːtn/ or /ˈsɜːrtn/

/ˈsteɪʃn/

/wɜːs/ or /wɜːrs/

300

How many diphthongs do we have? What are the two types?

8

closing, centring

300

Sort the consonants into voiced and voiceless:

b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, z, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ, ŋ

  • voiced: b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j
  • voiceless: p, t, k, f, s, θ, ʃ, tʃ, h
400

What categories do we have depending on force of articulation? Give examples of consonants for each.


  • fortis = strong = more muscular effort, shortening effect = voiceless
  • lenis = weak = less muscular effort, full vowel length = voiced
400

Give the list of fricatives and affricates.

  • /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/
  • tʃ, dʒ
400

Give IPA transcription of the following words:

word

bomb

xylophone

/wɜːd/ or /wɜːrd/

/bɒm/ or /bɑːm/

/ˈzaɪləfəʊn/

400

Explain what is a quality and the quantity of a vowel.

  • Vowel Quality: Refers to the distinctive sound of a vowel, determined by tongue position and mouth shape (e.g., the difference between cat and cut).

  • Vowel Quantity: Refers to the length or duration of a vowel sound (e.g., long vs. short vowels), which can affect meaning in some languages.

400

Describe the process of articulation of plosives.

  • a complete blockage of airstream – 3 phases of plosive production
  • 1. approach = closing phase = a full obstruction is formed
  • 2. hold = compression phase = air pressure rises before the closure
  • 3. release = plosion phase = articulators part and air bursts out with a small explosive sound
500

Explain what are rhotic and non-rhotic varieties.

  • rhotic varieties: pronounced in all contexts -> GA, Canadian, Scottish, Irish
  • non-rhotic varieties: pronounced pre-vocalically (before a vowel) -> GB, Australian, South African
  • r used as a linking device – linking r
500

Give the list of nasals and approximants.

  • /m, n, ŋ/
  • /l, r, w, j/
500

Give IPA transcription of the following words:

comb

perception

colonel

/kəʊm/

/pəˈsepʃn/ or /pərˈsepʃn/

/ˈkɜːnl/ or /ˈkɜːrnl/

500

How many pure vowels do we have in English? Name them.

12: /ʌ/ /aː/ /æ/ /ɒ/ /ɔː/ /ɜː/ /e/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /iː/ /ʊ/ /uː/ 

500

Give place of articulation for all the consonants:

b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, z, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ, ŋ

  • Bilabial = both lips
  • p, b, m
  • Labiodental = upper teeth + lower lip
  • f, v
  • Dental = tongue tip + teeth
  • θ, ð
  • Alveolar = tongue tip + alveolar ridge
  • t, d, s, z, n, l
  • Post-alveolar = tongue tip + back of alveolar ridge
  • r
  • Palato-alveolar = tongue blade + back of alveolar ridge
  • ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ
  • Palatal = tongue front + hard palate
  • j
  • Velar = tongue back + soft palate
  • k, g, ŋ
  • Labio-velar = lip rounding + back part of the tongue and soft palate
  • w
  • Glottal = vocal folds (glottis)
  • h