Introduction
Define phonetics, articulatory phonetics, and perceptual phonetics
The study of the production and perception of speech sounds
Articulatory: how and where sounds are produced in the dynamic vocal tract
Perceptual: study of how we hear & interpret speech sounds
Count the morphemes:
Ran
Stapler
Corner
Mother
Beautifully
Unreliable
2
2
1
1
3
3
Place of articulation: the places where the airstream is constricted by the articulators
bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
Manner of articulation: the ways the airstream is modified by the articulators
stops, fricatives, africates, liquids, glides, and nasals
Voicing: tells whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating when the sound is produced
Describe the difference in monophthongs and diphthongs and provide the pairs. Describe when each is used.
Mono: Pure, one sound
Diphthong: two sound (on glide, off glide)
Mono: unstressed
Diphthong: stressed
neighbor
locate
Define suprasegmental
The features of speech that affect an utterance beyond the phonetic and allophonic features
Describe the differences in graphemes and phonemes and provide an example of why this is important.
Graphemes= letters
phonemes= sound
Citrus
Ocean
See/ Bees
Define minimal pairs and provide an example with final consonant deletion and an example with initial sound difference
Differ by one sound
bee
beep
bee
see
Describe how a stop is produced and provide stop cognates.
Pressure builds up behind the point of closure and is then released producing a short burst of noise (stop burst)
p/b
Tongue height – hight to low
Tongue advancement – front to back continuum (front, central, back)
Tenseness or Duration
tense vowels are longer
lax vowels are shorter
Lip rounding
Describe pitch, loudness, duration
pitch: Closely related to the frequency of vocal fold vibration during phonation- perceptual
Loudness: Perceived magnitude or strength of the speech signal
Duration: length of the speech unit
A clinician obtains a ten minute speech sample. They want to assess the child's production of f and v. They will note whether it is producted correctly or incorrectly and what error occurs. Describe the linguistic, response, and scoring
Linguistic: Conversation
Response: multiple sounds
Scoring: five point
What are the two classes of phones and define each.
Phoneme sounds that make up a word
Allophone actual attempt at producing the phoneme
Define obstruents and sonorants and list which manners fall into each category.
Obstruent – a sound made with a complete or narrow constriction at some point in the vocal tract
Stops, fricatives, affricates
Sonorant – also includes vowels; produced with a relatively free flow of air through the vocal tract
Nasal, liquids, glides
Describe the vowels in:
Bed
Had
who
Bed:
Tongue: low-mid, front, lax
Lips: unrounded
Had:
Tongue: low, front, lax
Lips: unrounded
Who:
Tongue: high- back, tense
Lips: rounded
Identify the components of a syllable and a rhyme.
Provide examples of an open and closed syllable
Onset Nucleus Coda
Nucleus Coda
Bee
Beep
Describe the difference between free and bound morphemes and provide the two categories of bound morphemes.
Free morphemes can stand alone
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone
Bound: Derivational and inflectional
Identify the three major functional systems and describe their function in speech.
Respiratory- power for speech
Laryngeal- phonation
Supralaryngeal (or pharyngeal-oral-nasal)- Articulation and resonation
Where are the most sounds produced and which sounds are produced here?
Alveolars
t
d
s
l
n
Which two back vowels are most similar and how do you tell them apart?
WHich one is not rounded
Rock/Sock and Caught/Bought
Jaw position
Rock/sock
elevated pitch
longer duration
increased intensity
Provide the 8 types of inflectional morphemes and use them in a word.
s: dogs
's: Bode's
s: runs
ing: crawling
ed: walked
en: broken
er: smaller
est: smallest
Identify the three cavities in the supralaryngeal and identify 2 mobile articulators
oral
nasal
pharyngeal
mobile articulators: velum (soft palate), jaw, tongue, lips, & pharyngeal walls
Describe the following consonants:
p
zsh
p: voiceless, stop, bilabial
z: voiced, fricative, alveolar
sh: voiceless, fricative, palatal
Describe the central vowels and when to use them.
Stressed: BIRD
Unstressed: Teacher
Stressed: Up
unstressed
elephant
Define coarticulation and describe how it changes from word to conversation level
the production of a sound is influenced by all the other sounds around it