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Vowels
Allophonic Variation
Place/Manner of Articulation
Consonants
Connected Speech/Syllables
100
Vowels are described in part by this parameter, which corresponds to the highest point of the tongue arch on the vertical axis.
What is tongue height?
100
This type of variation can occur on vowels when they are adjacent to a nasal consonant.
What is nasalization?
100
This type of consonant has almost complete stricture and has a hissy sound because of the turbulent airflow produced by the stricture.
What are fricatives?
100
This sound is produced with the soft palate raised, the tips and rims of the tongue making light contact with the edge and inner surface of upper teeth, and turbulent airflow. The vocal folds are apart and not vibrating during its production.
What is a voiceless dental fricative?
100
In English, this may change a sound from alveolar to bilabial across words in connected speech, as in the phrase "ten pens."
What is assimilation?
200
This description of vowels includes either rounded or unrounded options.
What is lip shape?
200
This kind of variation can occur word-initially or finally on voiced consonants.
What is devoicing?
200
This group of sounds includes plosives and fricatives.
What are obstruents?
200
This sound is produced with the soft palate lowered, the tongue tip or blade forming a closure with the alveolar ridge, and air flowing through the nasal cavity. The vocal folds vibrate during its production.
What is a voiced alveolar nasal?
200
This is a form of function words that occurs when these words are unstressed in connected speech.
What is a weak form?
300
These types of vowels have less muscular activity and are shorter in duration.
What are lax vowels?
300
The /m/ before /f/ or /v/ may be produced as this, as in the word "comfort."
What is a labiodental nasal?
300
These types of sounds are produced with the tongue apex placed behind the top front teeth.
What are dental sounds?
300
This sound is pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum and the two lips rounded.
What is /w/ or a voiced labiovelar (semivowel) approximant?
300
This is the combination of two separate sounds across a word boundary into one new sound.
What is coalescence?
400
This group of vowels in English are relatively longer than other vowels.
What are long vowels?
400
Sounds may undergo this type of allophonic variation when adjacent to round vowels.
What is rounding?
400
In order to describe the articulatory configuration of pulmonic consonants, this type of label is used.
What is a three-term label (voice, place, manner)?
400
Plosives can be produced with this kind of release, with air escaping laterally down the side(s) of the tongue when the precede a lateral consonant, as in "badly."
What is a lateral release?
400
This is the most prominent part of a syllable.
What is a peak/nucleus?
500
These vowels are produced with tongue movement from one position to another during a single segment, with the main duration on the initial element.
What are falling diphthongs?
500
This allophone of /l/ is found in English after vowels as in "call" or before consonants as in "elm."
What is dark l.
500
This place of articulation actually refers to the tongue shape; it is used in some varieties of English "r."
What is retroflex?
500
In English, this can occur on voiceless plosives except following /s/.
What is aspiration?
500
In a syllable, it consists of the nucleus and the coda.
What is a rhyme?