General Q-s
The definition of "Phonetics"
The study of the sounds made by the human voice in speech
Name the divisions of the tongue
Tip, blade, front, back, root
Classification of Consonant Sounds (categories)
Voicing, Place of articulation, Manner of articulation
Which English approximants are palatal and labial-velar?
/j/ (palatal), /w/ (labial-velar)
What is the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds?
Voiced sounds involve vibration of the vocal folds, voiceless sounds do not.
What's the difference between sounds and letters?
Letters are symbols. Sounds are what we make when we pronounce those symbols
The space in the throat, mouth, and nose where sound is produced
Vocal tract
Approximant Sounds
/l/, /r/, /w/, /j/
What is the main characteristic of fricatives?
The articulators form a narrow gap causing hissing noise.
5 types of consonant sounds according to the manner of articulation
Plosives, Fricatives, Affricates, Nasals, Approximants
What does the IPA mean?
the International Phonetic Alphabet
What happens to the position of the velum during nasal sounds?
It is lowered, allowing air to flow into the nasal cavity
The difference between Clear L & Dark L (articulation and examples)
Clear L - tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, the back of the tongue is not raised (love, light, life).
Dark L - tongue-tip is not used, the back of the tongue is raised slightly (well, real, always).
When are /p t k/ unaspirated in English?
When /p t k/ are preceded by /s/, they are unaspirated.
What symbol do we use for the glottal stop?
The symbol used for the glottal stop is /ʔ/
What does the ejective mean?
Ejectives are sounds which use the larynx as a mechanism for creating an airstream (bringing the vocal folds together and raising the larynx to move the air above it)
The empty space between two small membranes is called _____. (And give the name of these two small membranes)
Two small membranes - vocal cords or vocal folds.
The empty space - glottis.
What articulatory difference distinguishes the production of /ʃ/ and /s/?
/ʃ/ involves the blade and front of the tongue close the hard palate (palato-alveolar), while /s/ involves the tongue close the alveolar ridge.
Fricative and Affricate Consonants
Fricative: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ᴣ/, /h/, /θ/ and /ð/.
Affricate: /ʧ/, /ʤ/
What happens to nasals before voiceless consonants in the same syllable?
They are shortened (pre-fortis clipping).
The definition of "Aspiration" and its rules (in what cases it occurs).
Aspiration - The puff of air that is produced with voiceless plosives /p t k/.
Aspiration occurs at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
Which speech organ separates the oral and nasal cavities?
The soft palate (velum).
What is an unreleased plosive, and when does it occur?
When two identical plosives occur in sequence, or when two plosives with the same place of articulation but different voicing occur in sequence, the first plosive is usually unreleased, meaning it loses its release stage.
What are the three stages of affricate production?
Approach → Hold → Release
10 types of consonant sounds according to the place of articulation
Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Post-alveolar, Palato-alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Glottal, Labial-velar