Problematic Phonology
Student A notes that in their dataset, the word for 'banana' and the word for 'tiger' are the exact same except for one sound. Student A then comes to the conclusion that the sounds that change must be allophones of...
What are separate phonemes
/s/ --> [z] / C[+voice} _____
[s] is realized as [z] when preceded by a voiced consonant
(Latin) A morpheme attached to some root at the beginning, end, inserted, or on either end.
What is affix
Based on the following data, what is the morpheme most likely to mean 'cat'?
cababa 'cats' imbaba 'a cat' imokbaba 'to a cat'
cahongo 'dogs' imokhongo 'to a dog' imhongo 'a dog'
higjo 'parrot' imolip 'coughs (n.)' okfund 'to the sun'
baba means 'cat'
This state does not have an official language. In fact, this state employs a policy of "your home language" as the legal language. Some languages spoken in this state are English, Spanish, Vietnamese, and numerous indigenous languages.
What is New Mexico
Student D finds that the sounds [s] and [z] often exist in similar environments in Language L. Student D finds that [s] only occurs after voiceless consonants, but [z] does not seem to have a pattern. When bracketing their phoneme, Student D should find that what is the phoneme label?
What is [z]
Consonants become voiceless at the beginning of a syllable
C --> C[-voice] / σ ___
(Latin) This kind of morpheme cannot stand on its own
What is a bound morpheme
Based on the following data, what is the morpheme most likely to mean 'a'?
cababa 'cats' imbaba 'a cat' imokbaba 'to a cat'
cahongo 'dogs' imokhongo 'to a dog' imhongo 'a dog'
higjo 'parrot' imolip 'coughs (n.)' okfund 'to the sun'
im-
Languages develop their color systems over time. Whereas some languages base their color terms on living things (one language refers to bird species as their colors), others go on a path from black and white > red > yellow > ?
Green, Blue, or Grue
Skylar is analyzing some Spanish data and notices that [b] and [β] are allophones of the same phoneme. That means these allophones are in which distribution?
What is complementary distribution
/t/ --> [ʔ] / ___ #
[t] is realized as [ʔ] word-finally
(Latin) A morpheme attached specifically to the beginning and end of a root.
What is a circumfix
Based on the following data, what is the morpheme most likely to mean PL?
cababa 'cats' imbaba 'a cat' imokbaba 'to a cat'
cahongo 'dogs' imokhongo 'to a dog' imhongo 'a dog'
higjo 'parrot' imolip 'coughs (n.)' okfund 'to the sun'
ca-
A schematic mapping of some phonological pole (form) and semantic pole (meaning)
What is a construction
In some varieties of Japanese and Korean, [s] typically occurs before [i] and [ʃ] typically occurs before [ɪ]. Although there are two restricted allophones, you should still be able to expect which fricative in the word 'sit'?
(This is based on a true story a professor once told)
What is [ʃ]
(This is based on a true story a professor once told)
She was teaching a short-term course to some Korean speaking businessmen. They were talking about how seating arrangements in business deals are very important. When the speaker would say 'sit', though, he kept repeating the English swear word s**t.
[n] is realized as [ŋ] at the end of a word or syllable
/n/ --> [ŋ] / ___# or σ (must have both)
(Indo-European) This type gives grammatical or non-content meaning
What are function words
Based on the following data, what is the morpheme most likely to mean 'cat'?
cababa 'cats' imbaba 'a cat' imokbaba 'to a cat'
cahongo 'dogs' imokhongo 'to a dog' imhongo 'a dog'
higjo 'parrot' imolip 'coughs (n.)' okfund 'to the sun'
okcafund 'to the suns' okcababa 'to the cats'
DETERMINER-NUMBER-PREPOSITION-ROOT
the/an - sg/pl - to - ROOT
A morpheme that causes another morpheme to become a noun
What is a nominalizer
Analyze [p] and [b]. Give me the distribution and tell me if they are allophones of the same or separate phonemes.
dap worp mamp babo aba
libe debum olbo demp cabo
[p] and [b] are allophones of the same phoneme (according to our limited data) meaning they are in complementary distribution
V --> V: / ___ C[+voice]
(hint: IPA Chart)
Vowels become long before voiced consonants
(English) Pronouns and Prepositions are two examples of this kind of category
Closed Lexical Category
Based on the following data, what is the morpheme most likely to be zero marked (Ø-)?
cababa 'cats' imbaba 'a cat' imokbaba 'to a cat'
cahongo 'dogs' imokhongo 'to a dog' imhongo 'a dog'
higjo 'parrot' imolip 'coughs (n.)' okfund 'to the sun'
'the'
This man is considered to be the father of "generative" linguistics and had a chimp named after him in hopes of proving chimps could learn a signed language
Who is Noam Chomsky