Features
What are the features of a phoneme?
Manner, Place, Voicing
At what age do children produce early words?
9 months to 1;6 years
Describe the phonological process of gliding
When a liquid (i.e., /l,r/) becomes a glide (i.e., /w,y/)
child's production: /kʌ/
target word: cut
final consonant deletion
Are we concerned about a 3 year old that exhibits the phonological process of gliding?
No, the approximate age of elimination for gliding is 6 years.
What are the features (i.e., manner, voice, place) of /m/?
bilabial, voiced, nasal
A 4;0 year old child does not produce /t/. Is this typical?
No, 4;0 year olds should have /t/ in their inventory
Describe the phonological process of stopping.
When a fricative or affricate becomes a stop.
child's production: /fɑrk/
target word: shark
labialization
Are we concerned about a 5 year old who exhibits the phonological process of stopping for /f/ and /s/?
What do these phonemes have in common?
/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
They have the same place of articulation: alveolar
A 5;7 year old does not produce /b/, /t/, /d/, /r/, /g/. Which, if any, would be cause for concern?
/b/, /t/, /d/, /r/, /g/
By 4;6, children should be able to produce all phonemes.
Describe the phonological process of affrication.
When a nonaffricate sound is replaced with an affricate.
child's production: /kim/
target word: cream
cluster reduction
Are we concerned about a 4;0 year old child who exhibits the phonological process of reduplication?
Yes, reduplication should be eliminated at approximately 3 years old.
What are the features (i.e., manner, place, voicing) of /ʧ/?
palatal, voiceless, affricate
A 3;6 year old does not produce /w/, /t͡ʃ/, /k/, /v/, /g/, /j/, and /ʒ/. Which, if any, could be cause for concern?
/w/, /k/, /g/, /j/
Describe the phonological process of assimilation.
When a consonant sound starts to sound like another sound in the word. (e.g., bib for big)
child's production: /haʊʧ/
target word: house
affrication
A 5 year old exhibits phonological processes typical for his age (i.e., of no concern). What might these phonological processes be.
gliding, labialization, prevocalic voicing are eliminated at approximately six years old and epenthesis is eliminated at approximately eight years old.
Name the phoneme that can be described as a labiodental voiceless fricative
/f/
A child does not produce /f/, /z/, /r/, /m/ and /s/. If I decide to target production of these phonemes in developmental order during therapy, what order would I use?
/m/ (typically acquired between 1;6-2)
/f/, /s/ (typically acquired between 2;6-3;6)
/z/, /r/ (typically acquired between 3;6-4;6)
Which phonological processes (3) most impact intelligibility?
stopping, fronting, gliding
child's production: /wɑt/
target word: watch
alveolarization
A four year old exhibits the phonological processes of reduplication, final consonant devoicing, alveolarization, gliding and fronting. Which may we want to target first? Why?
reduplication and final consonant devoicing because these phonological processes should have been eliminated by age three.
OR
fronting and gliding because these phonological processes impact intelligibility the most.