Photosynthesis
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
What is the purpose of a vacuole?
To store water
Why do muscles burn when you work out?
Lactic acid build-up from fermentation
What are the full names of ATP and ADP?
Adenosine triphosphate and diphosphate
One 6-carbon glucose molecule first splits into . . .
One fructose-1,6-biphosphate
Where in the mitochondria does the Krebs Cycle take place in eukaryotes?
The matrix
Which molecules reduce the membrane proteins?
NADH and FADH2
What is the formula of photosynthesis?
Sunlight + H2O + CO2 = C6H12O6 + O2 + Glucose (The answer ATP is also accepted)
Describe the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane and give a reason why plant cells have cell walls
Cell walls are more rigid because the plant does not have a skeletal structure to hold them up, must be strong down to the cellular level
Name one pro and one con of having stomata
Pro: Gas exchange
Con: Evapotranspiration causes water loss
Oxidation: Losing electrons
Reduction: Gaining electrons
What are the 3-carbon molecules at the end of glycolysis called?
Pyruvate
What is the starting molecule of the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Oxidative phosphorylation is the combination of which two processes?
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis
What do different pigments do?
Absorb different kinds of light energy to maximize efficiency
What is the stroma?
The cytoplasm-like clear fluid within the chloroplast
Name two differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Different byproducts, different final electron acceptors, one occurs in presence of oxygen and one without
When NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced, what do they become?
NADH and FADH2
What does G3P stand for?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Which molecules combine to form Citrate?
Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? Which byproduct does it form
Oxygen and H2O respectively
Describe how light makes leaves appear green
The leaves reflect green light and absorb other kinds of light
What is the purpose of thylakoids?
The site of light-dependent reactions
The thin waxy substance of a leaf is _______________
The cuticle
What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways?
Catabolic breaks down larger molecules, anabolic builds them from smaller pieces
What is the key enzyme in glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
What is the waste product of the Krebs cycle?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of the ETC? Mention where it takes place
To create an H+ proton gradient, moving protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space
What are the three kinds of pigments we discussed?
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids
A thylakoid is a stack of individual discs called _______.
Grana/granum.
Where are most chloroplasts concentrated?
The palisade mesophyll layer of the leaf
Between catabolic and anabolic pathways, which is exothermic and which endothermic?
Catabolic is exothermic, anabolic is endothermic
What are the final products of glycolysis?
I will accept: Two ATP molecules and 1 NADH (x1)
OR . . . Four ATP molecules and 2 NADH (x2)
What are the results one one turn of the Krebs cycle? (4)
Two CO2, three NADH, one FADH2, one ATP
Ubiquinone, Complex III, Cytochrome C, Complex IV