Photosynthesis
Name the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis
Inputs: CO2, H2O, sunlight
Outputs: Glucose, O2
Name the inputs and outputs of aerobic cellular respiration
Inputs: Glucose, O2
Outputs: CO2, H2O, ATP
Name the inputs and outputs of anaerobic respiration
Inputs: Glucose
Outputs: Lactic acid or ethanol & CO2, ATP
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What is the role of NADPH, NADH, etc?
To transfer electrons between different stages of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Why are animals MORE dependent on plants than plants are on animals?
Plants produce glucose that animals require for ATP
Name the four stages of aerobic respiration in order
Glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle, ETC
Name two pros and two cons of anaerobic respiration
Pros
- Quick
- Emergency ATP source
- No organelles required
Cons
- Only 2 ATP produced
- Buildup of harmful byproducts
What chemical elements do all macromolecules have in common?
C, H, O
Why do plants need to do cellular respiration in addition to photosynthesis?
What would happen to a plant under green light, and why?
The plant would die because it cannot absorb green light, meaning it cannot do photosynthesis
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP?
ETC
To regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to happen
Humans' preferred source of ATP is carbohydrates. Why do we also require fats and proteins?
Name two ways to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels
- Less animals
- Less burning fossil fuels
Describe where and how each input and output of photosynthesis are involved in the process.
H2O is split into O2 and Hs at the ETC in the thylakoid during the light dependent reactions. CO2 goes into the calvin cycle to be built into a glucose molecule in the stroma.
Which stage of cellular respiration is directly impacted by lack of oxygen?
ETC
What are two reasons why anaerobic respiration is believed to have evolved before aerobic?
- Low oxygen in early earth
- Prokaryotes (no organelles) precede eukaryotes (organelles)
You eat a piece of toast and then do not eat for the rest of the week. Describe in order what sources your body will use for its energy needs.
Blood glucose, glycogen stores, fat (and maybe muscle) stores
Why does a banana tree need much more sunlight than a houseplant?
Bananas contain a lot of glucose --> more photosynthesis needs to occur in order to produce this --> more sunlight is required
Why would plants on the forest floor where there is less light be dark green compared to desert plants that are light green?
High amounts of chlorophyll, which allows them to absorb as much of the scarce sunlight they receive as possible.
Give three examples of how the different stages of cellular respiration depend on each other
- The link reaction turns pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl coA, which is used by krebs
- Glycolysis, link, and krebs produce electron carriers that deliver to the ETC
- Electron carriers are regenerated by the ETC and sent back to glycolysis, link, and krebs
Why are yeast, a unicellular organism with mitochondria, able to survive on anaerobic only if necessary?
They are only one cell, meaning their ATP demand is lower than a multicellular organism
When proteins and fats need to be used for energy (ATP), what molecule are they turned into?
Acetyl CoA (which is sent to the krebs cycle)
Describe in detail how an ETC is able to make ATP.
A molecule delivers electrons to the ETC. A series of proteins pass electrons down the chain, which gives them the energy to pump H+ to high concentration on one side. This H+ then flows back down to the low concentration side through ATP synthase, which gives it the energy to make ATP. A molecule must accept electrons at the end of the chain.