Photosynthesis
What are the three main products of light-dependent reactions?
ATP, NADPH, and O2
What respires?
ALL LIVING THINGS...even plants!
During the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis, how many PGALs will make up one 1 glucose?
2 PGALs will form 1 glucose molecule.
Name all of the parts in the cross-section of a leaf.
Upper Epidermis, Lower Epidermis, Palisade Mesophyll Cells, Spongy Mesophyll Cells, Guard Cells, Stomata, Vein, Air Spaces, and Chloroplast
Which type of plants’ Calvin Cycle uses CO2 directly from the air and can't survive well in hot, dry weather? Ex. Wheat/Rice
C3 Plants
How many turns of the Calvin Cycle does it take to make 1 glucose molecule?
6 turns of the Calvin Cycle make 1 glucose.
Why are there so many steps involved in the process of glycolysis?
The number of steps allows the energy to be harnessed instead of the energy being lost as heat.
For each glucose, how many ATPs are produced during glycolysis and what is the net gain of ATP?
Each glucose produces 4 ATPs during the process, but the net gain is only 2 ATPs.
Was the most common ancestor of plants a phototroph or a heterotroph?
A Heterotroph.
This kind of plant only opens its stomata at night, trapping CO2, from which the carbon is later fixed into [4C] oxaloacetate; this all happens in one cell! Ex. Cacti
CAM Plants
Name the 4 limiting factors of photosynthesis.
1. Light Intensity
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Oxygen
4. Temperature
Name specifically where glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and ETC/Chemiosmosis take place in the mitochondria?
Glycolysis: Between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Krebs Cycle: The matrix of the mitochondria.
ETC/Chemiosmosis: Inner Phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondria.
For one glucose, how many ATPs are made during the ETC and Chemiosmosis if each pyruvate makes 1 ATP in glycolysis and 1 in the Krebs Cycle?
Approximately 28 ATPs are produced from the ETC and Chemiosmosis.
Plants evolved where the generations went from a dominant _______ generation to a dominant ________generation.
Gametophyte, Sporophyte
What are the two types of cells involved in the carbon fixation during the Calvin Cycle of C4 plants?
Mesophyll Cells and Bundle-Sheath Cells
How does the oxidation of water and the ETC influence the production of ATP?
The oxidation of water means that the molecule H2O is losing electrons and is becoming 1/2O2, 2H+, and 2e-. The energy released by the electron transport as an e- travels down it is used to pump H+ across the thylakoid membrane, which helps maintain the concentration gradient needed in order for ATP synthase to turn ADP+P into ATP.
Why is O2 such an important molecule in the ETC and Chemiosmosis?
O2 helps maintains the concentration gradient of H+ allowing for the H+ to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, turning ATP synthase, and then producing ATP.
How many NADHs, ATPs, FADHs, and CO2 molecules are made during the Krebs cycle?
NADHs (3)
ATP (1)
FADH2 (1)
CO2 (2)
Give 2 examples as to how the structure of a leaf is related to its function.
Possible Answers
1. Upper and lower epidermis protect the cells inside of the leaf, allowing them to function more efficiently.
2. The thinness of the leaf allows for a greater surface area allowing the chlorophyll more exposure to the light.
3. Palisade mesophyll cells are right below the upper epidermis because they contain the most chlorophyll, driving most of the plant's photosynthesis, which is why they are exposed to light first.
4. The thinness of the leaf allows for a shorter distance for CO2 diffuse into the cell and O2 to diffuse into the cell, making the process more efficient.
Name both kinds of anaerobic respiration and what each one makes/produces.
Alcoholic Fermentation - regenerates NAD+ & releases CO2
Lactate Fermentation - regenerates NAD+
The enzyme rubisco attaches carbon from ____ to ____ causing the intermediate, PGA, to form. Once PGA forms, the _______ from ATP & the ________ and ________ from NADPH forms _______.
CO2, RuBP, phosphate, hydrogens, electrons, PGAL
Name three reasons as to why Cellular Respiration is so important.
1. Makes ATP needed to drive cellular work
2. Produces CO2 for photosynthesis
3. Makes carbon skeletons for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
After 12 [3C] PGA compounds are made, altogether, how many ATPs will become ADP +P and how many NADPHs will become NADH+ ?
Each of the 12 ATPs will each turn back into ADP+P and each of the 12 NADH+ will each become NADPH.
Name the 3 reasons as to why it took so long for plants to evolve on land from water?
Possible Answers
Needed a support system to withstand conditions on land
Needed to way to reproduce without the aid of water
Needed a way to absorb, retain, and transport water
There was no ozone protecting the plants from the sun’s rays.
What is the main purpose of anaerobic respiration?
To produce ATP even when there is a shortage in oxygen and NADH starts to become used up; fermentation regenerates NAD+ so it can be used glycolysis.