Advanced Temperature & Thermodynamic Concepts
Two systems may be at the same temperature yet contain different total internal energy because of one of these properties?
What is different mass, degrees of freedom, or heat capacity?
Why heating increases average interatomic separation despite atoms vibrating symmetrically?
What is anharmonic potential energy curve causing asymmetric oscillations?
Increasing temperature increases pressure at constant volume because molecular collisions change in this specific way.
What is higher momentum transfer per collision?
Carnot efficiency depends only on these two variables.
What are hot and cold reservoir temperatures?
Conduction rate increases when this material property is larger.
What is thermal conductivity?
In kinetic theory, temperature is proportional to this microscopic quantity averaged over all molecules.
What is average translational kinetic energy?
A rod is constrained at both ends and heated, instead of expanding it develops this mechanical effect.
What is thermal stress?
Lighter gases escape faster because RMS speed depends inversely on this molecular property.
What is square root of molecular mass?
During isothermal expansion, internal energy changes by this amount.
What is zero?
Radiation heat transfer differs from conduction and convection because it does not require this.
What is a medium?
Why average molecular velocity is zero but RMS velocity is not?
What is random motion cancels directional velocity, but squared speeds remain positive?
If a hole is drilled in a metal plate and heated, the hole does this.
What is expands (hole behaves like material)?
Real gases deviate from ideal behavior when this ratio becomes large.
What is intermolecular force effects relative to kinetic energy?
Perfect conversion of heat into work is impossible due to increase in this thermodynamic quantity.
What is entropy?
In calorimetry, solving for final temperature assumes this physical conservation law.
What is conservation of energy?
A thermometer works because of this thermodynamic principle allowing temperature comparison without direct measurement.
What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
Apparent expansion of liquids depends on this difference between two coefficients.
What is βliquid − βcontainer?
Mean free path decreases when this microscopic variable increases.
What is number density (or pressure)?
Adiabatic expansion lowers temperature because energy leaves the gas through this mechanism.
What is work done by the gas?
If two substances reach equilibrium, their heat transfer equations share this unknown variable.
What is final temperature (Tf)?
Two objects in thermal contact initially exchange heat rapidly but eventually slow heat transfer, this indicates approach toward this thermodynamic condition.
What is thermal equilibrium (zero net heat flow)?
Engineering structures use expansion joints primarily to prevent failure caused by this physical mechanism.
What is thermal stress from constrained expansion?
Deriving PV = nRT from kinetic theory requires linking pressure to this microscopic molecular property.
What is molecular kinetic energy/momentum transfer?
Real engines have lower efficiency than Carnot engines because real processes involve this.
What are irreversibilities/friction/non-equilibrium effects?
Why adding more mass increases total heat required but not temperature change rate.
What is heat capacity scales with mass (Q = mcΔT)?