Chap 1
Physiology is the study of ?
How living organisms function
What is a covalent bond?
When one or more electrons in the outer orbital are shared between atoms.
What happens to primary RNA before it leaves the nucleus?
The introns are removed by spliceosomes to allow it to become mRNA ( messenger RNA)
What does moving against a concentration gradient mean?
To go against a concentration gradient is to start from a low concentration and move to high concentration.
What are the leaders of this exam review’s first name? ( REAL GOVERNMENT NAME NOT NICKNAMES)
Ryan & Maxemus
What are the main classes of tissues and what are their functions?
Muscle tissue: Generate force and movement ( M.P.J.H)
Epithelial tissue: secretion, absorption, and protection
Nervous tissue: Initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells
Connective tissue: Connect, Anchor, and support structures of the body
True or false ?
False, that’s a hydrogen bond due to the polar nature of the water
Where does both transcript and translation occur in the cell?
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytosol/cytoplasm of the cell
What is the difference between diffusion and active transportation?
Diffusion requires no energy because it is a PASSIVE movement going from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration to try and create equilibrium
Active transportation requires energy because it goes from low concentration to high concentration, going against the concentration gradientHow does Professor Juan move around campus?
Bike
Homeostasis is a dynamic, not a static process?
True or False
AND EXPLAIN WHY
True
Physiological variables can undergo drastic changes within a 24 hr period
An amino acid mutation has occurred, what protein structure level will this affect?
All of them!
Which if the following is not a product or f glycolysis? ATP, NADH, Pyruvate, Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide
What is generally happening with the sodium potassium ATPase pump, and what does it do for the cell?
The cell is losing 3 sodium ions and gaining 2 potassium ions which helps maintain resting membrane potential
What is Ryan’s major?
Biochemistry
What are circadian rhythms and what are some examples?
A 24 hr cycle
Waking and sleeping
Body temperature
Hormone concentrations
Name all organic molecules and their macromolecules
Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
Protein - amino acidsLipids - fatty acids
Nucleic Acids - nucleotidesHow does Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA relate to glycolysis and the the krebs cycle?
2 Pyruvate are the products of Glycolysis. During the transition reaction, it is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the input of the Krebs Cycle,
secondary active transport does use energy, but it does not directly use ATP like primary active transport; it harnesses the potential energy stored in an existing electrochemical gradient created by the movement of other ions, allowing it to move molecules against their concentration gradient
What nursing specialty does Maxemus want to go into?
Pediatrics
Describe what happens during the reflex arc when you walk outside into the freezing cold.
You walk into the cold (stimulus) your thermoreceptors (receptors) sense this. They send the information that you are cold via the afferent pathway towards the integrating center. The integrating center decides what should be done and sends the command via the efferent pathway to the muscles (effectors) The muscles shiver (response). This shivering makes you warm again (negative feedback).
If you were to have water combined with a solute placed in separate areas of a container, and they were separated by membrane selectively permeable to water then what would occur?
The water via osmosis would move to the area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, until hydrostatic pressure counteracting it occurred. ( equilibrium)
Describe the role of NADH, FADH, and ATP synthase during the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons (H+) to the electron transport chain. These electrons are pumped against their concentration gradient into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria by cytochromes (proteins). The electrochemical gradient favors the movement of H+ back into the matrix. The only way to do this is by passing through ATP Synthase. As H+ passes through ATP Synthase, it powers it, allowing ATP to turn ADP into ATP.
How is ATP used in the Sodium potassium pump and how does phosphorylation play a role
ATP is used to give a phosphate to the ATPase pump allowing for 3 Na+ to attach to ATPase. On the ATPase there is a phosphorylation site that uses a phosphate from the original ATP. This phosphorylation allows for the pump to release the 3 Na+ into the extracellular space and the cycle. The phosphate stays until two K+ come and attach themselves to the ATPase pump and then the phosphate is finally released. The 2 K+ go into the intracellular fluid.
What day is the exam?
Trick question
It’s whenever your lab time/day is.