Resp. Review I
This is the term for the exchange of gases with the external environment.
What is ventilation?
Alveolar type II cells secrete this substance.
What is surfactant?
Using Boyle's Law, if lung volume doubles, this is what happens to alveolar pressure.
What is pressure is reduced by half?
These are the three chemical categories of hormones, and their interaction with water.
What are
Peptides (hydrophilic)
amines (both hydrophilic and hydrophilic)
steroids (hydrophobic)?
This process explains why the Hb dissociation curve is sigmoidal rather than linear.
What is cooperativity?
This is the role of macrophages found in the alveolus.
What is to ward against foreign bodies?
A patient has decreased surfactant production. This is how gas exchange would be affected and why.
What is difficulty for the alveolar expansion, reducing gas exchange?
What are the three mechanisms that control hormonal secretion? A: Humoral (blood chemical levels), neural (direct nervous system stimulation), and hormonal (one hormone triggers release of another)
These are the 5 functions of the respiratory system.
What are: providing oxygen, eliminating CO2, regulating pH, speech production, and defending against foreign bodies?
This is what happens to lung volume and pressure during inspiration.
What is volume increases and pressure decreases?
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as bicarbonate rather than dissolved gas to limit its toxic effects. This is the chemical process that makes that possible.
What is carbonic anhydrase converting CO2 + H2O into H+ and HCO3-?
This combination of iodinated tyrosines forms T3 and T4.
What is
MIT + DIT = T3 (triiodothyronine)
DIT + DIT =T4 (thyroxine)?
During passive expiration, this mechanism drives air out of the lungs.
What is elastic recoil of the lungs?
This is what atmospheric pressure is measured as.
What is 760 mmHg (Millimeters of Mercury)?
A patient is hyperventilating. Using what you know about PCO2 and central chemoreceptors, describe what will happen to their ventilation drive and blood pH over time.
What is PCO2 dropping, reducing H+ concentration, which decreases central chemoreceptor stimulation and slows ventilation, while blood pH rises causing alkalosis?
These are the six hormones released by the anterior pituitary.
What are FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH)?
A patient breathes 500ml per breath. This is how much fresh air actually reaches the alveoli.
What is 350ml, because 150ml remains in dead space?
This explains why the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is lower than expected.
What are vapor pressure and dead space volume?
The pneumotaxic and apneustic centers have opposing effects on the DRG. This is what would happen to breathing if only the apneustic center were active.
What is breathing would be prolonged and uncontrolled because the apneustic center continuously stimulates the DRG without the pneumotaxic center to inhibit and limit inspiration?