Ear
Review I
Review I
This is the process whereby sensory cells convert physical or chemical stimuli into action potentials.
What is transduction?
These channels enhance the mobility of neurotransmitter vesicles in the hair cell.
What are Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels?
What is amplitude (bends stereocilia further)?
These are the receptors found on the retina of the eye.
What are photoreceptors?
These two cells strengthen the synapses between other cells in the retina.
What are horizontal and amacrine cells?
A loss of function in the smooth muscles of the iris would lead to an inability to control the intake of this stimulus.
What is light?
This is the first membrane to vibrate when sound waves enter the ear.
What is the tympanic membrane?
This structure/section of the ear is responsible for turning air vibrations into hard, mechanical vibrations.
What are the ear ossicles (middle ear)?
In the process of sound transduction, this is how the oval window passes vibrations to the perilymph.
What are physical vibrations creating fluid waves in the perilymph?
Explanation: The mechanical vibrations of the stapes physically move the oval window and create waves in the cochlea.
These are the three layers of the eye in order from outermost to innermost.
What are the fibrous, vascular, and neural layers?
This G-protein-like molecule propagates visual signals after retinal changes shape.
What is transducin?
2 part:
In the dark, this enzyme produces cGMP.
cGMP then opens these ion channels.
What are guanylyl cyclase and sodium channels?
This structure funnels sound waves into the auditory canal.
What is the pinna?
These membranes are present in the Organ of Corti, describe the charactesitics of their movement.
What are the basilar (mobile) and tectorial (stationary) membranes?
These three major brain structures are involved in the pathway of auditory action potentials.
What are the
medulla oblongata (cochlear nuclei)
thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus)
temporal lobe (auditory cortex)?
This fluid is found in the anterior chamber of the eye and is associated with the refraction of light rays.
What is aqueous humor?
Phosphodiesterase is an example of this type of macromolecule and performs this function.
What is a protein (enzyme) that degrades cGMP?
If ganglion cell axons were disabled, this pathway would be disrupted from progressing.
What is the neural pathway of vision (optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus → visual cortex)?
Name the fluid within the scala media, and what other fluid is it similar to?
What is endolymph (similar to interstitial fluid)?
Cochlear nerve fibers form synapses in this section of the brainstem.
What are the cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata?
A drug that blocks voltage-gated calcium channels in hair cells would prevent this neurotransmitter from being released to receptors on the cochlear nerve.
What is glutamate?
These are the photoreceptors of the eyes and their properties.
What are
rods (light sensitive, low illumination response)
cones (less light sensitive, high illumination response)?
This part of the thalamus is where a visual action potential travels to the visual cortex.
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus?
The relaxation of ciliary muscles leads to this effect on the lens, and accommodates to this kind of subject.
What is a flattened lens accommodating to distant subjects?
These cells are primarily responsible for signal transduction in the Organ of Corti.
What are hair cells?
Name the two physical features of hair cells that bend against the tectorial membrane.
What are stereocilia and kinocilium?
What process would be halted if the round window did not move in tandem with the oval window?
What is sound transduction?
These are the photoreceptor pigments and the molecule common to both
What are rhodopsin (rods) and (S, M, L) photopsin (cones) with retinal?
What is depolarization?
Using the concept of accommodation, a permanently rounded lens (contracted cilliary muscles and relaxed zonular fibers) would have this visual impairment.
What is nearsightedness (lens accommodated only for near objects, not further ones)?