Cellular Physiology
When external solution has equal osmotic pressure to the internal solution. Equilibrium.
What is an "isotonic solution"?
This main ion maintains the osmolality of the ECF.
What is Na (sodium)?
-Proteins
-Peptides
-Amino acids
-Steroids
-Fatty acid derivatives
-Light
-Odor/scent
-Sound
-Gases
What are some examples of "signals"?
This is the means by which "action potential" is transported from the nerves to the muscle.
What are "synaptic signals"?
Glucose is phosphorylated in the cell by this enzyme.
What is "glucokinase"?
A membrane-bound vesicle from the ECF makes contact with membrane. The contents are released into cytoplasm.
What is "endocytosis"?
The effective osmotic pressure with respect to a selectively permeable membrane.
What is "tone"?
-GPCRs (Epinephrine signaling in the heart and muscle)
-Ion-channeling-coupled receptors
-Receptors with enzymatic activity
-Nuclear receptors
What are the four categories of cell receptors?
-The Na+/K+ ATPase pump
-Ions moving toward a dynamic equilibrium, if it can flow across the membrane.
-Differential permeability of the membrane to diffusion of ions.
What are the three factors that produce "resting membrane potential"?
This glucose transport is a "sodium dependent glucose transporter".
What is "active transport"?
Na+ is the most abundant cation in this.
What is the "ECF"?
Main regulation of K+ is via this hormone.
-Function as molecules switches
-Enhance speed, efficiency and specify of the response
-Activated by phosphorylation or GTP binding
What are "intracellular signaling proteins"?
Some Na+ channels are open. If enough Na+ channels open, then the threshold is surpassed and an action potential is initiated.
What is "initial depolarization"?
The process of glycogen formation.
What is "glycogenesis"?
Peripherally associated membrane proteins, integral proteins, and trans membrane proteins.
What are the three classes of membrane proteins?
Glucose absorption, Cl- secretion, Na+ absorption, and K+ secretion all share a transport classification.
What are examples of "secondary transport"?
This enzyme adds phosphate groups to proteins that alter the activity, stability and / or location of the protein.
What is "kinase"?
To regulate and propagate signaling in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
What is the function of "threshold potential"?
This numeric value is the net ATP yield per glucose in "oxidative phosphorylation".
What is "34 ATP"?
Transport; Enzymatic Activity; Receptors for signal transduction; Inter-cellular joining; Cell - cell recognition; Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM).
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
This pathway of epithelial transport involves crossing the epithelium through membrane junctions and lateral inter-cellular spaces.
What is the "para-cellular" pathway of epithelial transport?
This protein leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase.
What is the "G-protein"?
Both voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
What is "resting potential"?
A major integration center for coordinating carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. It occurs in the mitochondria.
What is the "tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)" ?