somatic nervous system
somatic motor output controls this
movement
autonomic motor output controls these cells and operates as (voluntary/involuntary)
visceral cells, inivoluntary
somatic receptors are located in
skin, skeletal muscles, joints
the SNS is most active during these situations and is responsible for this response, while the PNS is most active during these situations and is responsible for this response
SNS: stressful, fight or flight
PNS: relaxed, rest and digest
the parasympathetic nervous system has this effect on the heart
inhibitory
this (muscle type) is the effector of motor output
skeletal muscle
autonomic motor output helps maintain this via autonomic regulation
homeostasis
autonomic receptors are located in
viscera
how many alpha and beta receptors are there in the SNS, and are each excitatory/inhibitory
alpha: 1-excitatory, 2-inhibitory
beta: 1-excitatory, 2-inhibitory, 3-excitatory
the salivary glands are stimulated by
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
this is released from the efferent motor neuron
ACh (Acetylcholine)
the autonomic nervous system is broken down into these three subdivisions
sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, enteric nervous system
exteroceptors receive stimuli from this area while proprioceptors receive stimuli from this are
exteroceptors: external environment
proprioceptors: skeletal muscles and tendons
these receptors are both excitatory and inhibitory in the PNS, and perform these 4 main functions
muscarinic
excite: smooth muscle of digestive tract, smooth muscle of airways, salivary glands
inhibit: conduction system of heart
the sympathetic nervous system affects the digestive system in this way
inhibitory
ACh binds to these receptors on skeletal muscle cells
nicotinic receptors
these are the two efferent motor neurons between the CNS and effector in autonomic motor output and their myelination status
preganglionic neurons, myelinated
postganglionic neurons, unmyelinated
explain the function of receptors after receiving a stimulus
stimulus received, opening/closing of channels, depolarization (proportional to size of stimulus), action potential (only if threshold is reached), frequency conducted to CNS for interpretation
neuropathy is defined as this, and the symptoms of somatic (sensory and motor), and autonomic neuropathies would look like this
damage to nerves
somatic: sensory-pins, needles, burning, numbness, pain; motor-muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, diminished reflexes
autonomic: lack of regulation-blood pressure, digestive system, heart rate
the parasympathetic nervous system has this effect on sweat glands
somatic efferent motor neurons are this (myelinated or unmyelinated)
myelinated
these are the effectors of autonomic motor output
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, visceral cells
receptors that adapt are known as this, while receptors that do not adapt (or adapt very little) are known as this
phasic (adapt), tonic (do not adapt)
neurotransmitters of the SNS: preganglionic release this, postganglionic release this
neurotransmitters of the PNS: preganglionic release this, postganglionic release this
neurotransmitters of the SNS: preganglionic release ACh, postganglionic release norepinephrine (NE)
neurotransmitters of the PNS: preganglionic release ACh, postganglionic release ACh
the sympathetic nervous system has this effect on the skin and viscera, and this effect on the skeletal muscle
skin and viscera: stimulates
skeletal muscle: inhibits