Show:
The Heart
Respiration
Digestion
Blood Vessels and Components
Miscellaneous
100
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters this chamber first.
What is the right atrium?
100
What is the name of the tube that goes to your lungs? (also called the windpipe)
What is the trachea.
100
This organ produces a number of enzymes for digestion.
What is the pancreas?
100
Blood vessel that goes away from the heart.
What is an artery.
100
What is myocardial infarction?
What is a "heart attack". Death of or damage to heart muscle. Impairs heart function. (If the heart actually stops, blood can continue to be pumped manually through chest compressions. Heart may have to be restarted with a defibrillator.)
200
These vessels bring oxygen and nutrients to the heart itself.
What are coronary arteries?
200
What do you call the process of bringing fresh air to the alveoli and removing stale air?
What is ventilation?
200
Rhythmic muscle contractions that move food down the esophagus.
What is peristalsis?
200
Besides plasma, what are the 3 other components of blood?
What are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
200
What causes a heart murmur?
Some blood leaks back through the valve, so the regular "lub dub" sound has some turbulence giving the murmur sound.
300
Blood leaves the left semilunar valve to enter this vessel.
What is the aorta?
300
What muscles are contracted to start the inhalation process?
What are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles?
300
What is the function of bile?
It emulsifies fat droplets. Covers these tiny droplets so that they can easily be absorbed into the hydrophilic environment of the digestive system. Bile is also alkaline, so starts to neutralize the acidic chyme.
300
Name 5 of the 7 substances that IB lists as transported by the blood.
What are nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, antibodies, urea, hormones, and heat.
300
What is EPO, what is it used to treat, and how can it be misused?
What is erythropoietin. It is a hormone that promotes erythrocyte (red blood cell) production. It can be used to treat anemia and can be misused in endurance sports to increase oxygen-carrying capacity.
400
What is the pacemaker of the heart called and how does it function?
What is the sinoatrial node. It helps keep the beating of the heart chambers in rhythm through electrical impulses. It receives messages via nerves from the medulla of the brain. It can also be triggered by the hormone, epinephrine (adrenaline).
400
Explain what happens to pressure and volume of the lungs during an inhalation and exhalation.
What is the volume of the lungs increases and the pressure decreases, which causes air to be pushed in from the outside (inhalation). And the volume decreases and pressure increases to force air back out of the lungs (exhalation).
400
Give the location, starting substance, ending product, and optimal pH of one named protease.
The protease, pepsin, is found in the stomach. It works on proteins and breaks them up into smaller polypeptides. The optimal pH is about 1.5-2.5 because it is found in the stomach.
400
Name the type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign substances (bacteria and viruses) in the blood.
What is a phagocyte?
400
What is coronary bypass surgery?
What is the grafting of an artery or a vein from another part of the body to the heart to bypass a blocked coronary artery. Can be single, double, all the way up to rarely a quintuple.
500
Describe the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves.
What is blood collects in the atrium, the atrium contracts slightly (and negative pressure from ventricle relaxing) opens the atrioventricular valve and pushes blood into the ventricle. The ventricle has a powerful contraction, which closes the AV valve, opens the semilunar valve, and the blood is pushed out of the heart through the pulmonary artery or the aorta.
500
Describe 4 adaptations of the alveolus for gas exchange.
What are: 1) thin 1 cell thick for easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide 2) surfactants in moisture in the alveoli prevents sacs from sticking together 3) many many alveoli to increase surface area for gas exchange 4) covered in dense network of capillaries to help oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse easily into or out of blood
500
Describe the relationship between structure and function for the villus. Include at least 4 things.
1) There are lots of villi to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption (microvilli and folds also increase s.a.). 2) Proteins in membranes allow for active transport and facilitated diffusion of food particles. 3) Mitochondria in membrane supply ATP for active transport. 4) Blood capillaries are very close, so distances for diffusion are small. 5) The lacteal system down the middle of each villus absorbs lipids. 6) The microvilli form the "brush border", which keeps larger objects like bacteria from being absorbed.
500
Compare and contrast arteries and veins.
The same: blood vessels, tube-shaped, transport blood, have many branches Different: arteries have thicker walls, are more muscular, and have a narrow lumen, which leads to higher pressure and higher blood velocity. Arteries go away from the heart and don't have valves. Veins have thinner walls, are less muscular, and have a wider lumen. Veins have lower pressure and lower blood velocity. Veins go towards the heart and have valves to control direction of blood flow. Blood flow in veins is aided by contractions of skeletal muscles.
500
Describe what salivary amylase does. Be specific.
Salivary amylase comes from one of 3 salivary glands, it breaks down starch into smaller polysaccharides and maltose (which is a disaccharide containing 2 glucoses)