Stage 1
What are Reflexes?
involuntary and automatic movements
What is the duration of substage 2?
What is the duration of substage 4?
8 months - 12 months
What is the duration of substage 5?
12 months - 18 months
This substage marks the transition from ______ experimentation to ________ representation
Phyiscal; Mental
What is the duration of substage 1
Birth - 1 month
What motivates children in this stage?
Interest and Pleasure
What is the duration of substage 3?
4 months - 8 months
What is the significance of a child using trial-and-error?
Children experiment to solve problems rather than just repeating enjoyable actions.
What is the duration of substage 6?
18 months - 24 months
Name on of the reflexes infant display in substage 1
Sucking
Rooting
Grasping
What are primary circular actions?
Actions that are centered on the infant's own body and are repeated because they are pleasurable.
What is the A-not- B error?
Infants after successfully finding a hidden object multiple times in one location (A), continue to search there even after watching it be moved to a new location (B)
The toddler’s active ________ in _____________ helps them ______ about their world.
engagement; experimentation; learn
Substage 6 is nicknames what?
"The beginning of thought"
What are some examples of cognitive development that can be seen in substage 1?
infants start to differentiate between objects and situations
Name an example of a substage 2 behavior
Answer may vary but include:
Sucking thumb
Vocalization
Hand watching
Kicking
What are secondary circular actions?
Intentional action performed by infants to produce results in their external environment
What is the nickname for a toddler in substage 5?
"little scientist"
Allowing toddlers to solve problems _______ rather than just through _____-____-_____.
mentally; trial-and-error
Do infants show intentionality during this stage?
No, behaviors are largely reflexive and rigid rather than purposeful.
How do substage 2 behaviors differ from substage 1?
Substage 2 behaviors are intentional while substage 1 are reflexive.
Infants combine _______ _________ and use ___________ to achieve a specific goal.
Basic reflexes, planning
What are tertiary circular reactions?
They are intentional actions designed to explore the properties of an object.
What is "deferred imitation"?
The ability to imitate an action that was witnessed previously, indicating a mental memory of the event