Theories
This idea refers to a single, general mental ability underlying all cognitive skills.
What is general intelligence (g factor)?
A test that gives consistent results over time has high ________.
What is reliability?
A driver’s license exam is an example of this type of test.
What is an achievement test?
Children’s test scores typically improve during school months and do this during summer.
What is decline?
An IQ below this number (approximately) is one criterion for intellectual disability.
What is 70?
This theorist believes that intelligence must be defined by multiple factors.
Who is Howard Gardner?
The original IQ formula used this calculation.
What is mental age divided by chronological age times 100?
Tests designed to predict future performance or learning ability are called these.
What are aptitude tests?
This refers to the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself.
What is neural plasticity?
The finding that women scored higher on math tests when no males were present gives evidence of this phenomenon.
What is stereotype threat?
This theorist divided intelligence into analytical, creative, and practical components.
Who is Robert Sternberg?
A test that actually measures what it is supposed to measure has high ________.
What is validity?
This term refers to tests that are given in a consistent way and compared to a large sample.
What is standardization?
The steady rise in IQ scores over generations is known as this.
What is the Flynn Effect?
Experts often defend intelligence tests by pointing to their ability to anticipate outcomes, known as this.
What is predictive validity?
This psychologist argued against a single intelligence factor and instead proposed primary mental abilities.
Who is Thurstone?
Scores on intelligence tests typically follow this bell pattern.
What is a bell-shaped curve and normal distribution?
This intelligence test provides multiple scores rather than just one overall IQ.
What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
What impacts cognitive development the most early in life?
Poor environment (lack of interaction).
Calling IQ something you “possess” as if it were a physical object is an example of this error.
What is reification?
This French psychologist and his colleague created early intelligence tests to measure children’s reasoning abilities.
Who are Binet and Simon?
1.) No longer calculated with a formula.
2.) It is based on the average performance for each age group.
3.) It is no longer an "intelligent quotient."
A psychologist creates a new exam and ensures that it is administered the same way to all students, then compares each score to a large, representative sample. However, critics argue the test does not actually measure intelligence. This scenario shows that the test has ________ but lacks ________.
What is standardization and validity?
Researchers find that early childhood enrichment programs raise IQ scores in the short term, but those gains often fade over time. However, participants still show improved life outcomes (like graduation rates and employment). This suggests that intelligence tests may fail to fully capture ________.
What is practical intelligence or broader life success (non-cognitive skills)?
Higher math performance in some countries is largely explained by these two factors.
What are increased practice and study time?