War
War is defined by one source as "an actual, intentional and widespread" THIS between political communities.
What is an armed conflict?
In a panel discussion, multiple guest speakers identified this role as the most powerful, impactful, or influential in the criminal justice system.
Dr. Schooler's area of conflict resolution specialty is this.
What is public policy mediation?
The form of government used in the U.S. is often described as this AND this.
What are democracy and a republic?
What is repairing harm or offering justice to victim, offender, and community?
Many experts in warfare expect to see changes in the form war takes, with greater usage of weapons or tactics like these.
What are drones, robots, or cyberwarfare?
The Bill of Rights provides certain protections to those facing prosecution, especially the fourth through eighth amendments, which give criminal defendants protections like this.
What are protection against unreasonable searches, pleading the 5th and not having to incriminate yourself, speedy and public trials, trial by jury, or protection against excessive bail?
Unlike mediation, arbitration calls on the third-party neutral to do this.
What is issue a decision or an award?
This form of decision-making gives voters a direct say in public policy matters.
What is a referendum or a ballot initiative?
In transitional justice, the use of this tool often convinces those accused of wrongdoing to confess their alleged crimes in public.
What is amnesty?
Among wars that many scholars consider "justified," those scholars cite these reasons for the justification.
What are genocide, invasion/attack, or crimes against humanity?
In contrast to prosecutors in France, Germany, and Japan, lead prosecutors in U.S. jurisdictions are usually chosen this way.
What are elections?
One key difference between arbitration and a court trial is this.
What is privacy or a (mostly/usually) binding decision?
Unlike competitive or positional-based negotiation, this form of negotiation can help both sides feel satisfied at the end of the process.
What is "cooperative/interest-based" or "principled bargaining?"
Studies have shown restorative justice can potentially have positive impacts for offenders, including a reduction in this or this.
What are recidivism or a victim's fear of re-victimization?
Among the concrete goals of going to war are any of these four material matters.
What are territory for raw materials, markets, cheap labor, or land for settlement?
When litigation is chosen and a lawsuit is filed in court, for cases filed since the year 2000 and terminated, it can take as little as this amount of time, or as long as this amount of time, or on average this amount of time, to resolve the case.
What are one day, over 19 years, or nearly a year?
Mediation has this unique asset that arbitration, litigation, and prosecution all lack.
What is empowering the parties to develop a resolution to their conflict?
This popular acronym refers to what parties in a negotiation should always keep in mind if they sense that negotiations are reaching an impasse.
What is a BATNA, or Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement? (or WATNA, Worst)
The process of holding accountable civilian or military leaders for alleged wrongdoings can take various forms in a transitional justice paradigm, including any of these.
What are truth and reconciliation commissions, lustrations, reparations, or the international criminal court?
This popular, famous, and ancient philosopher believed that war was the natural condition of mankind.
Who is Hobbes?
Among the reforms most championed for police are these.
What are ending "pretextual stops" and chokeholds, requiring written consent to search car, providing alternatives to incarceration and more funding for body-worn cameras?
In her book on public policy mediation, mediator Susan Podziba defined the conditions for "Civic Fusion" as any of these.
What are
•Parties agree status quo is unsustainable and can't fix it unilaterally;
•Past efforts to solve problem failed; or
•People living the conflict need a forum within which to surface and acknowledge deep differences and, at the same time, jointly build an agreement that encompasses these differences?
Experts in diplomacy say it takes many forms, including any of these.
What are "big stick diplomacy," "public diplomacy," "dollar diplomacy," or "moral diplomacy?"
Dr. Schooler is working with colleagues (and, perhaps, students in this class) on a national truth and reconciliation that will address this topic.
What is public safety, law enforcement, or criminal justice?