Two alternate (relative to C3) photosynthetic pathways, which probably evolved in response to living in xeric environments, are ______ and ______.
C4 and CAM
100
Ecologists generally recognize three patterns of spatial distribution exhibited by conspecifics in a population. These are:
Random, regular (uniform), and clumped (contagious)
100
By convention we recognize five mechanisms of evolutionary change. These are:
Natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and non-random mating
100
Along with E.O. Wilson, co-authored what is broadly known as the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography.
Robert MacArthur
100
The majority of flowering plants have both male and female reproductive structures within the same flower. Such plants are referred to as hermaphrodites. Some species (e.g., corn) have separate male (i.e., staminate) and female (i.e., carpellate) flowers on the same individual. These species are referred to as:
Monoecious
200
The ability of one genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment in which it occurs is broadly referred to as:
Phenotypic plasticity
200
Taxa that exhibit relatively low mortality rates among young age classes and higher mortality rates at older age classes are said to have Type ___ survivorship curves.
I
200
Two examples of ways in which heritability can be measured are:
parent-offspring regressions and the breeder's equation
200
Defined a species' niche as an "n-dimensional hypervolume".
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
200
All else being equal, the automatic transmission advantage of selfing alleles will be overcome if inbreeding depression is greater than ______%.
50
300
Ectomycorrhizae exhibit a ______, which is a complex of mycelia that grows between the root cortical cells, and a ______, which is a dense network of hyphae that sheathes the outside of the root.
Hartig net and mantle
300
A life table that follows a group of individuals through their entire lives (from birth to death) is called a ______ life table, while one that takes a snapshot of survival within a relatively small amount of time is called a ______ life table.
Cohort and static
300
The Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography uses immigration and extinction rates to predict:
The number of species present on an island
300
Described what is now known as the triangular C-S-R model.
J. Philip Grime
300
Studies suggest approximately ______% of angiosperm species are wind-pollinated.
10-13%
400
Flowers that are completely closed (and that reproduce via autogamous selfing) are referred to as ______ while those that are open are referred to as ______.
Cleistogamous and chasmogamous
400
In the average life table, the sum of all lxmx values gives you ______, which represents the ______.
Ro, net reproductive rate per individual
400
A comparative method that uses phylogenetic trees to test hypotheses of how/why organisms are adapted to their environment is called:
Phylogenetically-independent contrasts
400
Described what are known as the seven forms of rarity.
Deborah Rabinowitz
400
Fruits and cones that are bonded shut with resins and only open when exposed to relatively high heat are called:
Serotinous
500
Seed dispersal via water is called:
Hydrochory
500
Populations of organisms that reproduce in discrete pulses are expected to exhibit ______ growth while those that reproduce continuously with overlapping generations are expected to exhibit ______ growth.
Geometric and exponential
500
Three distinct forms of natural selection (in terms of their effects on mean trait values and levels of variation) are:
Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive
500
In the 1970s began a systematic study of the distributions of plant species before and after the most recent glaciation. Much of the work has focused on fossil pollen records found at lake bottoms.
Margaret Davis
500
______ refers to situations in which the pollen produced by a flower matures before the stigma becomes receptive while ______ refers to the spatial distance between anthers and stigmas.