Show:
Seedless Plants
Seed Plants
Reproduction
& Nutrition
Anatomy & Physiology
Transport
Phylogenetics, Evolution, & Life Cycle
100

Give 2 big characteristics of bryophytes & an example of a bryophyte

Characteristics:

  • Lack tracheids

  • Short > lack of vascular tissue restricts growth

  • Require water for fertilization (sperm must swim to egg).

  • Small, reduced, & dependent sporophyte.

  • Dominant, conspicuous, & independent gametophyte.


Examples

  • Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts


100

What differentiates the male and female pine cones of the gymnosperms, which consist of scales on which pollen and ovules rest, respectively?

Male cones are thin and papery

Female cones are big and woody

100

Where is the pollen of an angiosperms produced?

The anthers that rest on the filaments, collectively known as the stamen.

100

Primary growth is produced at ______________ meristems and secondary growth in woody plants is produced at ________________ meristems.

apical; lateral

100

How much water taken in the plant's roots is ultimately lost to the atmosphere.

Around 90%

100

A single species of freshwater ________________ gave rise to all terrestrial plants.

green algae

200

What are 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of plants moving to land?

Advantages:

  • Sunlight unfiltered by water & plankton (no shade/water absorption).

  • More plentiful CO2 (doesn’t combine with water to form carbonic acid).

  • Nutrient-rich soil (particularly have rocks rich in phosphorus).


Disadvantages:

  • Scarcity of water (drying out/need water for reproduction).

  • Lack of structural support against gravity (growth requires structural support).

200

Name 2 groups of gymnosperms and give 1 feature of each.

Conifers (Phylum Coniferophyta)

  • Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, yews, larches, cypresses, redwood trees.

  • Found in colder & sometimes drier regions of the world.

  • Most familiar gymnosperm phylum.

Ginkgos (Phylum Ginkgophyta)

  • 1 living species: Ginkgo biloba

  • Flagellated sperm

  • Dioecious - male & female reproductive structures form on different trees.

Cycads (Phylum Cyadophyta)

  • Slow-growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions.

  • Resemble palm trees but produce cones and have a life cycle similar to that of pines.

  • Female cones can weigh 45 kg.

  • Largest sperm cells of all organisms.

Gnetophyta (Phylum Gnetophyta)

  • Only gymnosperm with vessels - efficient conducting cells - in their xylem.

  • Contain 3 genera: Welwitschia, Ephedra, Gnetum

  • Deep tap roots

  • Continuously growing leaves.

200

What are the 3 unique genotypes of a developing plant?

Old sporophyte generation (fruit)

New sporophyte generation (fertilized seed/embryo)

Female gametophyte or triploid endosperm in gymnosperms and angiosperms, respectively.

200

What are the three types of plant tissues and what do they do?

  • Dermal - outer protective covering

  • Ground - storage, photosynthesis, secretion, & fibers that support and protect the plant.

  • Vascular - conducts fluids and dissolved substances.

200

Which transport route in plants gives the greatest amount of control over contents that pass through the plants?

Transmembrane Route

200

Give 3 adaptations and/or trends of plants in their evolution over time.

1) Diploid embryo protection

2) Smaller haploid and larger diploid stage

3) Whole genome duplication to deal with mutations from UV radiation

4) Moving water through tracheids (conducting cells, xylem).

5) Protection from desiccation/drying out (cuticle + stomata)

300

This group of seedless nonvascular plants are unique in that they contain photosynthetic tissue in their sporophyte, which also has stomata to regulate gas exchange.

Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerotophyta)


300

What determines the type of fruit the ovary of a flower develops into?

The fate of the pericarp: endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp

300

Name the 4 whorls of flowers (specific name for the whorl)

  1. Calyx - sepals

  2. Corolla - petals

  3. Androecium - stamens

  4. Gynoecium - carpels
300

What makes a root a root, a stem a stem, and a leaf a leaf.

Arrangement of vascular tissue.

300

What direction do water and dissolved ions in xylem go and what direction do sugars and other nutrients in phloem go?

Xylem - only up the plant

Phloem - up and down the plant, to wherever the sugars are needed

300

Which group of green algae are the sister clade to all land plants and which one never made it to land?

  • Chlorophytes (never made it to land)

  • Charophytes (sister clade to all land plants)

400

This tracheophyte has ribbed, jointed, photosynthetic stems that may contain silica and contribute to their scouring ability. They are homosporous and contain a cone-like strobilus at the tips of their stems.

Horsetail ferns (e.g., Equisetum)

400

Describe the process of double fertilization and what is produced from it.

In angiosperms, the pollen tube penetrates the style to the ovary of the flower, which provides two generative sperm cells. One of those sperm cells fertilizes the two polar nuclei of the 8 nuclei, 7 celled embryonic sac, to produce a triploid endosperm that serves as a source of nutrition for the developing embryo. The developing embryo is produced from the fertilization of the other sperm cell with the egg of the embryonic sac to produce the new sporophyte generation.

400

Give 3 essential plant macronutrients other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and describe what each one does.

  • Nitrogen (N) - component of amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, coenzymes, enzymes.

  • Potassium (K) - involved in protein synthesis, operation of stomata.

  • Calcium (Ca) - component of cell walls, maintenance of membrane structure & permeability, activates some enzymes.

  • Magnesium (Mg) - component of chlorophyll molecule, activates many enzymes.

  • Phosphorus (P) - component of ADP & ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids, several coenzymes.

  • Sulfur (S) - components of some amino acids and proteins, coenzyme A.

400

Describe the difference between sun and shade leaves.

Shade leaves are thinner and have large surface area to take advantage of minimal sunlight, whereas sun leaves are thicker in mesophyll since light penetrates further, but are small enough to reduce water loss.

400

Describe how water moves through a plant?

(Hint: 2 factors - 1 major and 1 minor)

Root Pressure - specific ions are actively transported across the Casparian strip to the interior of the roots where negative water potential is created and water moves through osmosis, causing turgor pressure which pushes water part of the way up (minor).


Transpiration - evaporation causes water and ionic solutes in the plant to move along a water concentration gradient from the soil to successively more negative water potentials in the roots, stems, leaves, and atmosphere (major).

400

Draw the correct life cycle for plants and name the type of life cycle.

Ask Dr. Clevinger for verification.

500

The gametophyte of a fern is a lettuce-like structure with both antheridia and archegonia present. What is this structure called?

Prothallus

500

Describe the state of the gametophyte and sporophyte in seedless nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seeded vascular plants, respectively.

Seedless Nonvascular:

-Gametophyte: dominant

-Sporophyte: reduced, dependent


Seedless Vascular:

-Gametophyte: reduced, still independent

-Sporophyte: dominant


Seeded Vascular:

-Gametophyte: reduced, dependent

-Sporophyte: dominant

500

What is the Redfield ratio and what does it tell us?

The ratio of nutrients for proper plant development & health is given by the Redfield Ratio: 106 C: 16 N: 1 P.

500

What is the difference between parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma?

  1. Parenchyma - storage, photosynthesis, & secretion; living at maturity and thin cell walls

  1. Collenchyma - support & protection; living at maturity with unevenly thick cell walls that allow bending without breakage

  1. Sclerenchyma - support & protection; nonliving at maturity and evenly thick cell walls.

500

Describe how sugars move through a plant.

In a process called translocation, most carbohydrates produced in leaves are distributed up and down the phloem to provide building blocks for actively growing regions of the plant.


In the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport, dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source (e.g., photosynthetic tissues) to a sink (e.g., growing root and stem tips as well as developing fruits) through active transport of sugars and subsequent movement of water through osmosis.

500

Draw the correct phylogenetic tree for plants.

Ask Dr. Clevinger for verification