Seedless Plants
Seed Plants
Reproduction
& Nutrition
& Nutrition
Anatomy & Physiology
Transport
Phylogenetics & Evolution
300
Give 2 big characteristics of bryophytes & an example of a bryophyte
Characteristics:
Lack tracheids
Short > lack of vascular tissue restricts growth
Require water for fertilization (sperm must swim to egg).
Small, reduced, & dependent sporophyte.
Dominant, conspicuous, & independent gametophyte.
Examples
- Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts
300
What differentiates the male and female pine cones of the gymnosperms, which consist of scales on which pollen and ovules rest, respectively?
Male cones are thin and papery
Female cones are big and woody
300
Where is the pollen of an angiosperms produced?
The anthers that rest on the filaments, collectively known as the stamen.
300
Primary growth is produced at ______________ meristems and secondary growth in woody plants is produced at ________________ meristems.
apical; lateral
300
How much water taken in the plant's roots is ultimately lost to the atmosphere.
Around 90%
300
A single species of freshwater ________________ gave rise to all terrestrial plants.
green algae
300
What are 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of plants moving to land?
Advantages:
Sunlight unfiltered by water & plankton (no shade/water absorption).
More plentiful CO2 (doesn’t combine with water to form carbonic acid).
Nutrient-rich soil (particularly have rocks rich in phosphorus).
Disadvantages:
Scarcity of water (drying out/need water for reproduction).
Lack of structural support against gravity (growth requires structural support).
300
Name 2 groups of gymnosperms and give 1 feature of each.
Conifers (Phylum Coniferophyta)
Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, yews, larches, cypresses, redwood trees.
Found in colder & sometimes drier regions of the world.
Most familiar gymnosperm phylum.
Ginkgos (Phylum Ginkgophyta)
1 living species: Ginkgo biloba
Flagellated sperm
Dioecious - male & female reproductive structures form on different trees.
Cycads (Phylum Cyadophyta)
Slow-growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions.
Resemble palm trees but produce cones and have a life cycle similar to that of pines.
Female cones can weigh 45 kg.
Largest sperm cells of all organisms.
Gnetophyta (Phylum Gnetophyta)
Only gymnosperm with vessels - efficient conducting cells - in their xylem.
Contain 3 genera: Welwitschia, Ephedra, Gnetum
Deep tap roots
Continuously growing leaves.
300
What are the 3 unique genotypes of a developing plant?
Old sporophyte generation (fruit)
New sporophyte generation (fertilized seed/embryo)
Female gametophyte or triploid endosperm in gymnosperms and angiosperms, respectively.
300
What are the three types of plant tissues and what do they do?
Dermal - outer protective covering
Ground - storage, photosynthesis, secretion, & fibers that support and protect the plant.
Vascular - conducts fluids and dissolved substances.
300
Which transport route in plants gives the greatest amount of control over contents that pass through the plants?
Transmembrane Route
300
Give 3 adaptations and/or trends of plants in their evolution over time.
1) Diploid embryo protection
2) Smaller haploid and larger diploid stage
3) Whole genome duplication to deal with mutations from UV radiation
4) Moving water through tracheids (conducting cells, xylem).
5) Protection from desiccation/drying out (cuticle + stomata)
6) Eliminate the need for sperm to swim to eggs through water with seeds
400
Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are a group of seedless vascular plants collectively called _____________.
Lycophytes (Lycophyta)
400
What are 2 major differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms?
Gymnosperms have naked seeds with ovules exposed on a scale of cone-bearing structures, vs angiosperms which have enclosed ovules in diploid sporophyte tissue that can later develop into fruits.
No flowers in gymnosperms and flowers in angiosperms.
Single fertilization in gymnosperms vs double fertilization in angiosperms.
Female gametophyte is the source of nutrition for the developing new sporophyte of gymnosperms, whereas it is the triploid endosperm in angiosperms.
400
What is phytoremediation and what is 1-2 examples of it?
Phytoremediation: the use of plants to concentrate or break down pollutants.
Phytodegradation - contaminant is taken up from soil & broken down.
Phytovolatilization - contaminant is taken up from soil & released through stomata.
Phytoaccumulation - contaminant is taken up from soil & concentrated in shoots.
400
Name an example of dermal tissue and an example of vascular tissue.
Dermal Tissue - epidermis, stomata, trichomes, root hairs.
Vascular Tissue - xylem, phloem
400
What are some plant adaptations/responses to water-related stress/loss?
Dormancy
Loss of leaves (deciduous trees)
Covering leaves with waxy cuticle & wooly trichomes.
Reducing the number of stomata.
Having stomata in pits on the leaf surface.
Aerenchyma - loose parenchymal tissue with large air spaces in response to flooding.
Pneumatophores - long, spongy, air-filled roots that emerge aboveground to provide oxygen in salt water.
400
Approximately how long ago did plants move to land from green algae?
500 MYA
400
This group of seedless nonvascular plants are unique in that they contain photosynthetic tissue in their sporophyte, which also has stomata to regulate gas exchange.
Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerotophyta)
400
What determines the type of fruit the ovary of a flower develops into?
The fate of the pericarp: endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp
400
Name the 4 whorls of flowers (specific name for the whorl)
Calyx - sepals
Corolla - petals
Androecium - stamens
- Gynoecium - carpels
400
What makes a root a root, a stem a stem, and a leaf a leaf.
Arrangement of vascular tissue.
400
What direction do water and dissolved ions in xylem go and what direction do sugars and other nutrients in phloem go?
Xylem - only up the plant
Phloem - up and down the plant, to wherever the sugars are needed
400
Which group of green algae are the sister clade to all land plants and which one never made it to land?
Chlorophytes (never made it to land)
Charophytes (sister clade to all land plants)
500
This tracheophyte has ribbed, jointed, photosynthetic stems that may contain silica and contribute to their scouring ability. They are homosporous and contain a cone-like strobilus at the tips of their stems.
Horsetail ferns (e.g., Equisetum)
500
Describe the process of double fertilization and what is produced from it.
In angiosperms, the pollen tube penetrates the style to the ovary of the flower, which provides two generative sperm cells. One of those sperm cells fertilizes the two polar nuclei of the 8 nuclei, 7 celled embryonic sac, to produce a triploid endosperm that serves as a source of nutrition for the developing embryo. The developing embryo is produced from the fertilization of the other sperm cell with the egg of the embryonic sac to produce the new sporophyte generation.
500
Give 3 essential plant macronutrients other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and describe what each one does.
Nitrogen (N) - component of amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, coenzymes, enzymes.
Potassium (K) - involved in protein synthesis, operation of stomata.
Calcium (Ca) - component of cell walls, maintenance of membrane structure & permeability, activates some enzymes.
Magnesium (Mg) - component of chlorophyll molecule, activates many enzymes.
Phosphorus (P) - component of ADP & ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids, several coenzymes.
Sulfur (S) - components of some amino acids and proteins, coenzyme A.
500
Describe the difference between sun and shade leaves.
Shade leaves are thinner and have large surface area to take advantage of minimal sunlight, whereas sun leaves are thicker in mesophyll since light penetrates further, but are small enough to reduce water loss.
500
Describe how water moves through a plant?
(Hint: 2 factors - 1 major and 1 minor)
Root Pressure - specific ions are actively transported across the Casparian strip to the interior of the roots where negative water potential is created and water moves through osmosis, causing turgor pressure which pushes water part of the way up (minor).
Transpiration - evaporation causes water and ionic solutes in the plant to move along a water concentration gradient from the soil to successively more negative water potentials in the roots, stems, leaves, and atmosphere (major).
500
Draw the correct life cycle for plants and name the type of life cycle.
Ask Dr. Clevinger for verification.
500
The gametophyte of a fern is a lettuce-like structure with both antheridia and archegonia present. What is this structure called?
Prothallus
500
Describe the state of the gametophyte and sporophyte in seedless nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seeded vascular plants, respectively.
Seedless Nonvascular:
-Gametophyte: dominant
-Sporophyte: reduced, dependent
Seedless Vascular:
-Gametophyte: reduced, still independent
-Sporophyte: dominant
Seeded Vascular:
-Gametophyte: reduced, dependent
-Sporophyte: dominant
500
What is the Redfield ratio and what does it tell us?
The ratio of nutrients for proper plant development & health is given by the Redfield Ratio: 106 C: 16 N: 1 P.
500
What is the difference between parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma?
Parenchyma - storage, photosynthesis, & secretion; living at maturity and thin cell walls
Collenchyma - support & protection; living at maturity with unevenly thick cell walls that allow bending without breakage
Sclerenchyma - support & protection; nonliving at maturity and evenly thick cell walls.
500
Describe how sugars move through a plant.
In a process called translocation, most carbohydrates produced in leaves are distributed up and down the phloem to provide building blocks for actively growing regions of the plant.
In the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport, dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source (e.g., photosynthetic tissues) to a sink (e.g., growing root and stem tips as well as developing fruits) through active transport of sugars and subsequent movement of water through osmosis.
500
Draw the correct phylogenetic tree for plants.
Ask Dr. Clevinger for verification