Plants and Animals

Non-Vascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

100

This group of non-vascular plants includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Bryophytes

200

This is the dominant life stage for non-vascular plants

Gametophyte

300

This is the dominant life stage for seedless vascular plants

Sporophyte

400

Vascular plants contain these cells that conduct water and have lignin cell walls

Xylem

500

This term is used to describe seedless vascular plants which contain only bisexual gametophytes 

Homosporous

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

100

These seed-producing plants have "naked seeds," meaning their seeds are not enclosed within a fruit

Gymnosperm

200

These plants, characterized by enclosed seeds within ovaries, dominate the plant kingdom and include everything from tiny herbs to towering trees.

Angiosperm

300

This structure allows plants to disperse their offspring over long distances and survive harsh conditions

Seed

400

This term is used to describe the structure that eventually gives rise to the female gametophyte after mitosis

Megaspore

500

This derived trait of angiosperms leads to the formation of an zygote (2n) and endosperm (3n)

Double Fertilization

Fungi

100

Fungi are ____ because they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material through their environment

Heterotrophs

200

This substance helps strengthen the cell walls of fungi

Chitin

300

Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually through this method

Spores

400

This describes the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants, where the fungi contribute to the plant's nutrient uptake and the plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates

Mycorrhizae

500

This structure forms the mycelium and is used for growth/nutrition acquisition in multicellular fungi

Hyphae

Animal Development

100

This term refers to the process of when a zygote undergoes mitotic division

Cleavage

200

This is considered the first multicellular stage of animals and is the product of multiple events of cleavage

Blastula

300

This is the process of embryo infolding which forms the endoderm and ectoderm

Gastrulation

400

This germ layer develops into an animal's circulatory system, muscle, bone, and organs. Animals without this germ layer do not have these body components

Mesoderm

500

This term refers to the body cavity lined on both sides by mesoderm found in many animals, providing space for internal organs to move and function

Coelom