Foundational Theorists to Education
A theorist who classified thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity. The three lower levels (knowledge, comprehension, and application) & three higher levels (analysis, synthesis, and evaluation)
Who is:
Bloom
Philospher of instrumentalism
experience is needed for growth and problem solving
viewed learning as a series of scientific inquiry and experimentation
(cooperative learning)
who is
Dewey
Teaching students to think about their learnings.
awareness and understanding of one's own learnings
ie: look around to figure out a word (context clues), use of reference materials or technology, think pair share,
allows for focus and clarity to be brought to new learnings
What is
Metacognition
the dependency on prior experiences
what is transfer
1. birth-2: rapid growth
2. 2-7: rapid growth but slower than level 1
3. 7-11: growth and start of puberty for girls
4. 11-15 +: maturation is complete
Developed the social development theory: social development is formed through social interaction
What is Vygotsky
Developed the Gender and Cognitive Development Theory
3 basic Stages:
Gender ID
Gender Stability
Gender Consistency
Who is Kohlberg
when a person believes that he or she is capable of achieving a learning goal.
taught through scaffolding (breaking the material into chunks to acquire mastery) and with keeping the students within the ZPD (zone of proximal development- space between what a child can do independantly and the learning goal-decreases the chance of feeling discouraged and giving up)
what is self-efficacy
learning refers to involuntary responses as a result from experiences that occur before a response
What is classical conditioning
1. birth - 2 : trust vs. mistrust.
2. 2-5: autonomy shame vs guilt
3. 5-12: inferiority
4. 12-18: ego vs role confusion
what is
the stages of social development
Constructivist theorist who contributed to the 3 modes of representation to the field of cognitive development
1. Inactive (birth-1: action based stored as memory)
2. Iconic (1-6yo: information stored visually
3. Symbolic (7 +: information stored using symbols/codes such as language)
What is
Bruner
Contributed to the taxonomy of educational objectives and the theory of mastery learning
termed by Piaget
frameworks for understanding
Mental concept used to inform a person what to expect
are like file folders in the brain that learners naturally sort information into- if material does not link to previous learned information the student must make accomodations in order to process the new learning
What is schema
Learning refers to changes in behaviors as a result of experiences after a response
What is Operant Conditioning
developed by Kohlberg and was based on Piaget's theories. Deals with acquisition of morals and values.
1 birth-9: preconventional morality-obedience/punishment exchange
2 9-middle age: conventional morality interpersonal and societal conformity
What is moral stages
Developed the Social learning theory
Behavior is learned through the environment
4 mediational processes: attention, retention, remediation, motivation
Russian Psychologist who researched what has become known as the Social Development Theory
Zone of proximal development
Who is Vygotsky
the space between what a child can do independently and the learning goal
distance between actual development and potential development level
What is ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
level 1: remembering: define, describe, identify, know, label, match, recite, etc..
level 2: Understanding: comprehend, convert, summarize, translate, etc...
level 3: Applying: apply, change, compute, construct, discover, manipulate, predict, operate, etc...
level 4: Analyze: compare, contrast, discriminate, seperate, etc...
level 5: Evaluating: appraise, compare, combine, compile, defend, describe, etc...
level 6: Creating: build, categorize, compile, compose, plan, rewrite, summarize, etc...
what is bloom's Cognitive Domain
based on making connections between new knowledge and existing schema
What is cognitivism
First to study cognition in children, coined the term schema
children possess discreet stages of development and helped build the constructivist theory.
Who is
Piaget
constructivist; promote symbolic thinking and problem solving skills that can be applied to a variety of situations
Who is Bruner
the ability to control one's emotions and thoughts
what is self regulation
1. birth -2 yo : sensorimotor
2. 2-7: Preoperational (developing thought process)
3. 7-11: Concrete (abstract thought/rational thoughts)
4. 11-15: Formal (full cognition with multiple view points when problem solving)
what is
the four stages of cognitive domain
Inquiry based teaching
what is constructivism