Lower Leg Anatomy
The tibiofemoral joint refers to which joint?
The knee joint.
What muscle is nicknamed the “second heart”?
Soleus.
What are the chemical messengers that allow the endocrine system to communicate with other structures?
Hormones.
Which butterfly-shaped gland is found in the throat area?
Thyroid gland.
: Into how many zones do reflexologists divide the body?
Ten zones.
Which bone of the lower leg is associated with the lateral malleolus?
The fibula
What is the common tendon of the soleus and gastrocnemius?
The calcaneal/Achilles tendon.
What structure controls the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus.
Which gland was once called the “master gland” and produces numerous hormones?
Pituitary gland.
Where is the neck/shoulder line located when treating the foot?
horizontally at the base of the toes.
What is the deepest muscle that crosses the knee joint?
Popliteus.
Which muscle has a pain referral into the sacrum area of the buttock?
Soleus.
What type of system regulates most hormonal activity in the body?
Negative feedback.
What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What is the “walking” technique in reflexology?
Flexing and extending the thumb or finger to treat an entire area or zone.
Where can the popliteus be palpated?
On the proximal posterior surface of the tibia, beneath the fibers of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.
Which very long tendon in the posterior calf is sometimes used to repair muscles and tendons in the hand?
Plantaris.
The hypophyseal portal system carries hormones from the hypothalamus directly to what part of the pituitary?
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
What stress hormone is also called hydrocortisone and has anti-inflammatory effects?
Cortisol.
Who expanded on Dr. William Fitzgerald's work and popularized reflexology in North America?
Eunice Ingham.
What three muscles make up the triceps surae?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and sometimes plantaris.
What muscle can be palpated on the proximal posterior tibia beneath the gastrocnemius and plantaris?
Popliteus.
The sella turcica is associated with which bone that protects the pituitary gland?
The sphenoid bone.
Which gland produces T3 and T4?
Thyroid gland.
What technique involves flexing and extending the thumb or finger while moving across an area of the foot?
The walking technique.