Context
Who experimented with pneumococcus bacteria first: Griffith, MacCarthy, or Chase?
Avery
What is a major difference in Avery's procedure compared to Griffith's?
Avery was in vitro (used bacteria), while Griffith was in vivo (used living organisms)
What common occurrence was between Griffith's and Avery's experiment?
Non-virulent Type II transformed into Virulent type
What did Avery's experiment confirm?
That it's DNA, not protein, that carries genetic information
Why is there a ribcage on the cover of the presentation?
the bacteria experimented with causes pneumonia, a lung disease
What discovery did Griffith descibe to find from his experimentation?
"transformation principle"
What prerequisite procedure did Avery have to do when preparing to experiment?
Create ideal conditions for the bacteria culture to react
Did Avery find a treatment to pneumonia after all?
Yes; to type I pneumonia
What was the "transforming principle" known as AFTER Avery's experiment?
Deoxirybose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
When did Griffith experiment with bacteria? When did Avery?
1926; 1943
What was the reason for Avery to experiment on pneumococcus bacteria?
He sought to look for treatement for pneumonia, a disease what got a lot of people sick in early 1900's
How many different types of pneumococcus did Avery experiment with?
2:
Pneumococcus Type II (R36A strain)
Pneumococcus Type III
2 of the 4 types (1/2):
Protease and lipase
What else did Avery and co. identify in the experiment, other than the fact that's* DNA?
It identified DNA as the molecule responsible for heredity, furthering understanding of Mendelian genetics
How many pages was the Pneumococcus transformation article? (± 5 error)
Hint: it's less than 50
Hint: it's more than 10
23 pages
What is the Griffith experiment?
Mice inhale 4 different types of bacteria:
-Living S-cells; mice contract pneumonia
-Living R-cells; mice remain healthy
-Heat-killed S-cells; mice remain healthy
-Living R-cells + heat-killed S-cells; mice contract pneumonia
This experiment led to the discovery that heat-killed viral bacteria will transform to be viral after a few generations, causing the surrounding bacteria to become viral as well
Why was Type III pneumococcus heat-killed?
To simulate similar conditions as in Griffith's experiment
Why wasn't the DNA believed to be carriers of genetic information
It was very short, only 4 amino acids are attached to it
What field of biology did Griffith and Avery revolutionize?
Microbiology
Who else confirmed Griffith's observations on bacteria transformation, other than Avery? (This has multiple answers)
Walter Levinthal; a bacteriologist known for his work on influenza
Martin Henry Dawson; a researcher on pneumococci and streptococcus
Richard H. P. Sia; developed a method for transforming bacteria in vitro