PNS Final Review

Famous People & Theories

100

This scientist performed an experiment in frogs that led to the chemoaffinity hypothesis.

Roger Sperry

200

These two scientists performed a monocular deprivation experiment in cats.

Hubel & Wiesel

300

This scientist proposed that synapses can be strengthened when the presyanptic neuron repeatedly causes firing of the postsynaptic neuron.

Hebb

400

This scientist divided up the cortex into 52 regions based on cytoarchitecture.

Brodmann

500

This law states that the nature of perception is determined by the pathway through which the sensory input is received (e.g. pushing on your eye creates a visual sensation even though it is mechanical pressure)

The law of specific nerve energies

Anatomy

100

This region includes the putamen, caudate, and nucleus accumbens.

Striatum

200

This motor pathway originates in the superior colliculus. BONUS 50 pts: What is the function of this pathway?

Tectospinal BONUS: orienting toward stimuli

300

Where does the corticospinal pathway cross the midline?

Lower medulla (where medulla meets the spinal cord)

400

This white matter tract is found between the caudate and putamen.

internal capsule

500

Name the 12 cranial nerves in order.

CN I – Olfactory CN II – Optic CN III – Oculomotor CN IV – Trochlear CN V – Trigeminal CN VI – Abducens CN VII – Facial CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear CN IX – Glossopharyngeal CN X – Vagus CN XI – Accessory CN XII – Hypoglossal

At the Synapse

100

Ligand-gated channels are also known as _______ receptors.

ionotropic

200

This type of receptor is blocked by an Mg+ ion at rest.

NMDA receptor

300

This part of the neuron is generally considered the "decision point" for whether to fire an action potential.

axon hillock

400

When most of the readily available vesicles are used up by previous action potentials, this phenomenon will occur when the next action potential fires.

synaptic depression

500

______ is necessary and sufficient for vesicle release at the synapse.

Calcium

Diseases & Other Problems

100

If you damage the pyramidal pathway, which other motor pathway is likely to take over?

Rubrospinal pathway

200

This term describes disorders of speech "affect" including gestures. BONUS 50 pts: It is usually associated with damage on which side of the brain?

Aprosodia BONUS: right hemisphere

300

This disease involves REDUCED basal ganglia inhibition. BONUS 50 pts: Would you expect administration of L-DOPA to improve or worsen this condition?

Huntington's disease BONUS: worsen

400

This condition is caused by a toxin that cleaves the synaptic protein synaptobrevin in inhibitory neurons, preventing the release of GABA, leading to an excess of excitatory motor neuron firing.

Tetanus (lockjaw)

500

In schizophrenia, a reduction of these fibers has been reported in the frontal cortex. BONUS 50 pts: Where do these fibers originate in the brain?

serotonergic BONUS: raphe nuclei

Neurons Etc

100

This part of the brain has more neurons than any other region.

Cerebellum

200

These stretch receptors detect the length of the muscle to create your sense of proprioception.

muscle spindles

300

These neurons exhibit tonic firing in the "up" state (during attentiveness) and bursting in the "down" state (during sleep).

Thalamic relay cells (or thalamo-cortical relay cells)

400

Name the three layers of the cerebellum. BONUS 50 pts: Which cell type is the output of the cerebellum?

Molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, granule cell layer BONUS: purkinje cells

500

Name the three axes of the developing embryo, in the order they are formed, and state how they are determined.

1. Animal/Vegetal (Maternal Determinants) 2. Dorsal/Ventral (Sperm Entry, Cortical Rotation) 3. Anterior/Posterior (Spemann Organizer)