Autonomic Nervous System
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or flight response.
What is the first step in synaptic transmission?
Synthesis of neurotransmitters.
What is the primary response of parasympathetic drugs?
Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction.
What is the causative agent of Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Which two TB drugs can be given to treat latent TB?
Isoniazid and Rifampin
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
What happens during the release step of synaptic transmission?
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
Name a common side effect of sympathomimetic drugs.
Increase heart rate or tremors.
Name one common symptom of active TB.
Persistent cough.
What are the uses for bethanechol (Urecholine)?
Stimulate bladder emptying in postpartum or post operative patients.
Name two effects of sympathetic nervous system activation.
Dilated pupils, increased HR / BP / RR, slowed digestion, relaxation of urinary sphincter, sexual arousal not present.
Why is the reuptake of neurotransmitters important?
It removes neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, ending the signal transmission.
What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergic drugs?
They block the parasympathetic nervous system functions by blocking ACH binding at muscarinic receptors.
How is TB primarily transmitted?
Through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
What TB medication interferes with oral contraceptives?
Rifampin
What is the role of muscarinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
They are parasympathetic receptors that mediate various rest and digest functions.
How do PNS drugs affect synaptic transmission?
They can increase or decrease the autonomic nervous system effect.
What are the adverse effects of adrenergic antagonists?
Orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and nasal congestion.
What is the standard treatment regimen for TB?
A combination of antibiotics, typically including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
Cat - epinephrine
Non - prazosin, propranolol
Differentiate between the effects of alpha 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors.
Alpha 1 receptors cause vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, while beta 2 receptors cause bronchodilation and vasodilation.
Explain the significance of neurotransmitter binding in synaptic transmission.
It triggers activity in the postsynaptic neuron, continuing the signal transmission.
Describe the anticholinergic effect on the body.
Decreased secretions, slowed digestion, relaxed smooth muscle, increased heart rate, and cognitive disturbances.
What is the significance of a positive Mantoux tuberculin skin test?
It indicates TB infection, but not necessarily active disease.
What three neurotransmitters does activation of alpha 2 receptors inhibit the release of?
norepinephrine, acetylcholine, insulin