Foundations of Government
What are the three main functions of government?
Order, protection, public goods
What document came before the Constitution?
Articles of Confederation
What clause makes federal law supreme?
Supremacy Clause
What amendment protects freedom of speech?
First Amendment
What amendment abolished slavery?
13th Amendment
What is the process of developing political beliefs?
Political socialization
What amendment gave women the right to vote?
19th Amendment
This is the primary role of the media in a democracy.
Inform the public
What type of government is ruled by a king or queen?
Monarchy
What compromise created a bicameral legislature?
Great Compromise
What powers are shared by state and federal governments?
Concurrent powers
What amendment extended rights to states?
14th Amendment
What amendment guarantees equal protection?
14th Amendment
Name one agent of socialization.
Family, school, media, peers
This 1965 law aimed to eliminate racial discrimination in voting.
Voting Rights Act
When the media decides which stories to highlight, influencing what the public thinks is important, this is called:
Agenda setting
What theory argues people give up some freedoms for protection?
Social contract theory
What system divides power among branches?
Separation of powers
What type of federalism keeps state and national powers separate?
Dual federalism
What term describes applying the Bill of Rights to states?
Incorporation
What constitutional clause is used to challenge discrimination by the government?
Equal Protection Clause
What ideology supports government intervention for equality?
Liberalism
This term describes the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election.
Voter turnout
When the same news story is presented differently to influence how people interpret it, this is called:
Framing
What is the difference between direct and representative democracy?
Direct = citizens vote on laws; Representative = elect leaders
What prevents one branch from becoming too powerful?
Checks and balances
What type of federalism emphasizes collaboration between governments?
Cooperative federalism
Which amendments protect rights of the accused?
4th–8th Amendments
What 1964 law banned discrimination?
Civil Rights Act
What is the process by which media shapes how people interpret political issues?
Framing
A state requires voters to present a government-issued ID at the polls. Critics argue this disproportionately impacts low-income and minority voters. What type of law is this?
Voter ID law
A news outlet repeatedly emphasizes crime in a city, leading viewers to believe crime is rising—even when data shows it is stable. What media effect is this?
Priming or agenda setting
Which philosopher believed government should protect natural rights?
John Locke
Who opposed ratification and wanted a Bill of Rights?
Anti-Federalists
What is the term for shifting power back to states?
Devolution
What is the ongoing tension between liberty and what?
Security
What policy aims to address inequality in opportunities?
Affirmative action
Why is polling often inaccurate?
Sampling issues, bias, nonresponse
Young voters consistently participate in elections at lower rates than older voters. Name one structural or social factor that helps explain this trend.
Examples: less political engagement, fewer resources, registration barriers, lower mobilization
Social media allows anyone to share political information instantly, but often without fact-checking. What is one major risk this creates for democracy?
Examples: misinformation, polarization, echo chambers, fake news