Philosophy & Policy
This group supported ratification of the Constitution.
Who are the Federalists?
This founding document establishes a framework for governance including federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances.
What is the US Constitution?
This was the first Constitution.
What is the Articles of Confederation?
This political system is nearly unlimited in its rule, except by some social institutions. Think Catholicism.
What is authoritarian?
In this type of government a select few rule, such as in an aristocracy.
What is an oligarchy?
This branch of government interprets laws and ensures they are constitutionally sound.
What is the Judicial branch?
This group feared a strong central government could infringe on individual rights.
Who are Anti-Federalists?
This founding document states that the government derives its power from consent of the governed, and justifies revolution against tyranny. It does not, however, effectively create a new government.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
This amendment guaranteed equal protection for its citizens and "due process."
What is the 14th amendment?
This branch of government is responsible for executing laws and carrying out their legal functions.
What is the Executive branch?
This branch of government is responsible for generating new laws.
What is the Legislative branch?
This legal concept is generally regarded as a violation of civil liberties and First Amendment rights, by preventing individuals from expressing themselves and accessing information without government interference.
What is "prior restraint?"
These civil protections empower individuals and groups to collective action and ensuring the government acts to prevent discrimination.
What are civil rights?
This Executive Order declared slaves free in the Confederate states and contributed to the future development of civil rights in the US, beginning with making it a constitutional law through the 13th Amendment which abolished slavery.
What is the Emancipation Proclamation?
This amendment granted women the right to vote, marking a significant achievement in the women's suffrage movement and contributed to the future development of civil rights in the US.
What is the 19th Amendment?
This clause has been subject to various interpretations and states that "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of a religion."
What is the establishment clause?
This system of governance is marked by the division of state and federal government under the Constitution.
What is federalism?
When state construction impeded his boat harbor business, this court case emerged and clarified that the Bill of Rights does not apply to the state government, only to the federal government. (This would later be nullified through "selective incorporation" of the 14th amendment.)
What is Barron v. Baltimore?
These civil protections are guaranteed by the Constitution and protect individuals from government interference.
What are civil liberties?
These 10 amendments provide protection of civil rights under the Constitution.
What is the Bill of Rights?
This agreement allowed slaves to be partially counted among a state's population toward policy representation.
What is the Three-Fifths Compromise?
This division of a legislative system into two chambers -- such as Congress with the House of Representatives and the Senate -- prevents concentration of power through checks and balances.
What is bicameralism?
This term describes the division of the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches under the Constitution.
What is the separation of powers?
In Mapp v. Ohio, this rule related to Search & Seizure under the Fourth Amendment was critically expanded, stating that no evidence obtained through unlawful seizure could be used in a court of law.
What is the exclusionary rule?
Agency loss and transaction costs are two major problems of this political relationship.
What is the Principal-Agent relationship?
This pivotal agreement led to a bicameral legislature that provided balance through equal representation from both large and small states.
What is the Great (or Connecticut) Compromise?
This was formerly the criterion for testing whether speech was protected or unprotected, but is no longer used.
What is a "clear and present danger?"
This term is defined by the separation of powers and each branch having some power over the others. Examples include veto, judicial review, etc.
What are checks and balances?
This term describes a collective responsibility that fits the notion it must be non-excludable and non-rivalrous (e.g., clean air, national defense).
What is a public good?
This court case expanded the Fifth Amendment, guaranteeing the right to protection against self-incrimination.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
The Policy Principle is composed of these three principles.
What are the Rationality, Institutional, and Collective Action principles?
James Madison wrote these documents, stating that groups with shared interests might amass and impose a threat to the rights of minority groups, and advocating for a large republic as a means for controlling the effects of “factions.”
What are the Federalist 10 papers?
In these documents, James Madison emphasized state sovereignty, calling for Federalism and inspiring the delegation of National and State Powers.
What is the Federalist 45?
This amendment is the basis for anti-discrimination rulings and the Equal Protection Clause.
What is the 14th Amendment?
This very important clause, also known as the Elastic clause, allows the government to create and enact laws not explicitly listed in the Constitution.
What is the Necessary and Proper Clause?
This court case ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, effectively overturning the precedent of "separate but equal" doctrine set by this previous court case.
What is Brown v. Board of Education and Plessy v. Ferguson?
This principle is ultimately driven by two things: individual preferences and institutional procedures.
What is the Policy Principle?
This comprehensive civil rights law addressed various forms of inequality by prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Following conflict with France, Britain sought to extract revenue to compensate for defense costs by doing this, and this British policy was the "final straw" that ultimately drove the American colonies toward political organization.
What is heavily taxing American colonies and the Stamp Act?
This feature of government is responsible for providing solutions where collective action inevitably fails. As one of the 5 policy principles, it is where rules and procedures of government take place.
What are Institutions (or Institutional)?
This refers to applying the burden to the government of evaluating a law on the basis of gender discrimination.
What is intermediate scrutiny?
This landmark case affirmed the "Implied powers" of the federal government through the "Necessary and Proper Clause", when a party aimed to sue the Fed for creating a national bank to facilitate economic activities.
What is McCullough v. Maryland?
The Boston Tea Party assembly and the First and Second Continental Congress are examples of this Policy Principle.
What is Collective Action?
Marbury v. Madison was fundamental in helping establish this power bestowed to courts, which determines if statutes or legal actions are constitutionally sound.
What is judicial review?
This is how the Constitution was ratified. Federalists garnered support through The Federalist Papers.
What are state conventions?
This First Amendment protection expanded free speech rights to include combinations of verbal and non-verbal forms of expression, or "symbolic speech."
What is "speech plus?"
This theoretical framework refers to a situation in which the majority's interests and decisions oppress or disregard the rights and needs of minority groups.
What is tyranny of the majority?
One of the most significant court cases in American government history, it primarily helped establish judicial review and that the Constitution is indeed law.
What is Marbury v. Madison?
These are just some of the primary concerns the colonies had around the Articles of Confederation, inspiring them to ratify a new one.
What is a weak government; inability to tax, spend, and issue currency; and poor international stability?
This is the developmental process of Federalism that transitioned from "layer cake" Dual Federalism to "marble cake" Cooperative Federalism and so on, in which responsibilities between state and federal government evolved over time.
What are the four stages of Federalism?
These economic groups in colonial America were originally divided among each other but ultimately found common ground in their resentment toward British taxation. One pair of elites valued commercial freedom, while the other pair of radicals had a more populist perspective. Their unity inspired the Declaration of Independence.
What are NE merchants, southern planters, farmers, and laborers?
This is the type of government America has, and the political system that defines how its governed.
What is a constitutional democracy?
This section of the Constitution governs the 4 methods of the amendment process: in which a proposal occurs at either Congress or a National convention, followed by ratification through either a state legislature or state convention.
What is Article V?
In 1925, a socialist was arrested for distributing pamphlets calling for the overthrow of the government through strikes and class action. He later appealed, arguing that his First Amendment rights to free speech were violated because it did not incite "imminent lawless action." This case was a significant first step in free speech protection and applying the Bill of Rights to the states, called "Selective incorporation."
What is Gitlow v. New York?