Policing Eras
This was the first formal policing era in the United States, characterized by close ties between police and local politicians
What is the Political Era?
Police officers must balance enforcing the law with this important societal value.
What is individual freedom?
This policing strategy focuses on areas where crime is most concentrated.
What is hot spot policing?
Before joining the police force, recruits typically complete this type of structured educational program.
What is academy training?
This technique involves reducing the intensity of a conflict or potentially violent situation through communication and other non-physical means.
What is de-escalation?
The portrayal of police in these two media forms often shapes public perceptions of policing.
What are news and entertainment media?
Name the reformer often credited with professionalizing American policing during the Reform Era.
Who is August Vollmer?
The _________ prevents illegally obtained evidence from being presented in court proceedings.
What is the exclusionary rule?
Research shows this common patrol activity does not significantly reduce crime.
What is routine preventive patrol?
This type of training involves probationary officers working under experienced officers in the field.
What is field training?
This constitutional amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures.
What is the Fourth Amendment?
Public distrust of police is often linked to allegations of this type of biased practice during traffic stops.
What is racial profiling?
This era focuses on collaboration between police and citizens to prevent crime.
What is the Community Problem-Solving Era?
Actions that are legal may not always meet this ethical standard.
What is morality?
An experiment in this city revealed the ineffectiveness of an increased patrol presence.
What is Kansas City?
Equal Employment Opportunity laws aim to promote this within police departments.
What is diversity?
This term refers to the authority of police to use physical means to enforce the law.
What is use of force?
This Act requires colleges to disclose information about crime on and near their campuses.
What is the Clery Act?
This government agency was formed following the events of September 11, 2001.
The Department of Homeland Security.
This term is used when police officers must rely on their judgment to make decisions in the moment.
What is discretion?
This strategy involves stopping pedestrians to search for contraband or weapons and is highly controversial.
What is stop-and-frisk?
This Act prohibits discrimination based on age in hiring police officers.
What is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act?
This standard is required for a police officer to conduct a stop-and-frisk.
What is reasonable suspicion?
The terms used when citizens criticize police departments for either focusing too much on certain areas or neglecting others.
What are over-policing and under-policing?
During the Reform Era, this technology significantly impacted police operations by increasing mobility and crime response.
What is the automobile?
This term refers to when officers use questionable methods to achieve good outcomes.
What are "dirty means?"
Crime deterrence depends on this, the belief that punishment will follow criminal actions.
What is certainty of punishment?
The training required for active-duty officers throughout their careers to maintain or enhance their skills is known as this.
What is in-service training?
These internal policies, combined with training and supervision, are key to controlling police discretion.
What are Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)?
This term describes when the public forms unrealistic expectations of police based on inaccurate portrayals in media.
What is the CSI Effect?