Patrol
A type of police patrol that focuses on hot spots and hot times.
What is directed patrol?
A discriminatory police practice that targets individuals for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, or national origin.
What is racial profiling?
A defense to liability which states that police protection is owed to the public, not individual citizens.
What is the public-duty doctrine?
The level of proof necessary for a vehicle search or stop and frisk.
What is reasonable suspicion?
A visual depiction of the range of force options that may be employed by officers in a given agency.
What is a use of force continuum.
The name of the experiment that concluded the amount of police patrol had little impact on crime rates or citizen satisfaction with the police.
What is the Kansas City Patrol Experiment?
A phrase used to describe an officer who accepts a bribe because the opportunity presents itself, but does not actively seek out chances to exploit his or her position for personal gain.
What is a grass eater?
A type of injunction - like the one Seattle Police Department was in between 2012 and 2023 - in which a police department enters into a voluntary agreement to make policy and/or practice changes.
What is a consent decree?
The name of the rule that makes illegally obtained evidence inadmissible in court.
What is the exclusionary rule?
A term used today to describe a police use of force less than deadly force that may include batons, pepper spray, and tasers.
What is less-lethal or less-lethal weapons?
A type of patrol which represents a middle ground between foot patrol and automobile patrol.
What is bicycle patrol?
In terms of explaining police deviance, a theory that suggests some bad individuals pass screening and become officers despite their predisposition to deviance.
What is the Rotten Apple Theory?
The type of immunity granted to most federal judges and federal prosecutors?
What is absolute immunity?
The rule that dictates what area may be searched incident to arrest.
The name of the policy that dictates how federal officers may use force in the commission of their duties.
What is the imminent danger standard?
When an officer uses a minor violation of the law to justify a traffic stop, though he or she is primarily motivated by some other reason for making the stop.
What is a pretext stop?
In terms of police corruption, the most serious type of deviant officer.
What is a rogue?
Not a negligence tort, but a type of tort that consists of actions that are highly likely to cause injury or damage.
What is an intentional tort?
A warrantless search that is justified when police are legally in a position and the incriminating nature of evidence is immediately apparent.
What is a plain-view search?
The percentage of police-citizen encounters that involve a use of force.
What is 1 or 2 percent?
The theory that justifies traditional preventive patrol - a would-be offender is less likely to commit crime when the potential for getting caught outweighs the benefit of the crime.
What is deterrence theory?
What is occupational deviance?
In determining immunity, the standard used to determine if an officer behaved appropriately in a given situation.
What is objective reasonableness (or the reasonable officer test)?
A type of search that does not require any justification or consent, such as a sobriety checkpoint or security screening to enter a stadium.
What is an administrative search?
The phrase used to describe the amount of force that officers can reasonably use relative to the suspect's resistance.
What is the force factor?