Policy Formulation 1
The total process by which public policies are developed and implemented.
policy formation
Matters that are of real concern to only one (or a few) person(s)
private problems
Decision-making through a process of negotiation, give-and-take, and compromise.
bargaining
The use of reason, facts, and logic to convince others of the correctness of one’s position on an issue.
persuasion
A form of decision-making in which a person accepts, or defers to, the judgment of someone else.
deference
A set of problems that public officials feel they should act on in some way.
policy agenda
Problems that have a broad effect, including consequences for persons not directly involved.
public problems
Strongly held preferences or standards that guide the conduct of people.
values
A more or less systematic set of values and beliefs that serves as a guide to action and understanding.
Ideology
The ability of those in hierarchical positions to make decisions that are binding on subordinates.
command
A set of problems of interest to the member of a particular governmental body, such as a legislature.
institutional agenda
Those persons who are especially interested in and informed about a public policy.
attentive public
The use of bargaining and other means to create the various numerical majorities needed to pass or kill legislation.
majority building
A legally binding policy statement issued by the president on the basis of their constitutional or delegated authority.
executive order
Expressions of public attitudes or beliefs on political issues that public officials find it prudent to heed.
public opinion
a condition that creates needs or dissatisfactions and for which government action is deemed to be appropriate, possible, and sought after.
policy problem
The unlawful use of force, violence, and intimidation against civilians in a society to advance political or ideological goals.
terrorism
A judicial decision rule that holds that precedents established by previous cases should be followed in deciding current cases.
stare decisis
The quality of rightness or appropriateness that may characterize a government or a policy and enhance its acceptability and authoritativeness.
legitimacy
The exchange of support by persons interested in different matters often called “mutual back-scratching.”
logrolling
The various ways by which problems can gain a place on an agenda and attract the attention of policy makers.
agenda-setting
A person who, through effort, persistence, or expenditure of resources, promotes action on policy issues, often successfully.
policy entrepreneur
A theory of decision-making holding that decisions are usually based on limited analysis and involve marginal changes in existing policies.
incrementalism
Those groups, officials, and others that an agency or its officials take into account when making decisions.
constituency
Previous decisions and actions that limit what one can do in the future.
sunk costs