I.
This ideology aimed to preserve traditional institutions such as monarchy, the church, and the aristocracy.
What is conservatism?
This ideology focuses on individual freedoms, rule of law, and constitutional limits on government.
What is liberalism?
This ideology claims that people with shared language, culture, and history should form a nation.
What is nationalism?
This philosopher argued for separation of powers in government.
Who is Montesquieu?
Government where a constitution limits the king’s power.
What is a constitutional monarchy?
Which event made conservatives fear rapid social change and revolution?
What is the French Revolution?
The famous economic motto of classical liberalism: “__________”, meaning minimal state intervention.
What is laissez-faire?
Nationalists believed legitimacy came from the nation itself and it's people, not from kings. This is called…
What is popular sovereignty?
This philosopher emphasized reason, tolerance, and freedom of speech.
Who is Voltaire?
The idea that governments exist because citizens agree to form them.
What is the social contract?
Conservatives believed society should develop in this way, avoiding sudden change.
What is gradual/organic development? Moderate reforms also acceptable.
Which English philosopher inspired liberalism with theories of natural rights (life, liberty, property)?
Who is John Locke?
This is a 19th-century figure, who is linked with a movement, which aimed for a unification of the German-speaking states into a single nation.
Otto von Bismarck
He was a pioneer of conservative thought and wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France.
Who is Edmund Burke?
A feeling of loyalty and love for one’s country.
What is patriotism?
This Austrian diplomat was the leading conservative figure at the Congress of Vienna.
Who is Metternich?
Liberalism rejects this form of government, where the monarch has unrestrained power.
What is absolutism?
Nationalism often developed as a reaction to this foreign domination in Europe (e.g., Spain, Germany, Italy).
What is Napoleonic rule/War?
An Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement.
Giuseppe Mazzini
A form of nationalism that seeks political unification of a population within one territory.
What is territorial nationalism?
Conservatism emphasized this source of political legitimacy, not popular sovereignty.
What is traditional authority / divine right / hereditary rule?
This 19th-century liberal thinker stated that people are the best judges of their own well-being, as long as they harm no one.
Who is John Stuart Mill?
The ability of a nation/group to form its own political entity and choose its own government.
What is self-determination?