category 1
There is no single correct way to study global politics. It has to include multiple perspectives
Having a fear of foreigners
Neo-gramscianism
Same as Marxism: the system is dominated by the rich, but control isn't just money and power, it is also thoughts and ideas
People accept it because it feels like common sense
Making something feel normal
Making people accept the system
2. Ideas are from the past
How the system was created
Links past with present
State-Centric
Protects its own country (government controls things)
In the great depression, everyone did this, and it made the economy worse
Tariffs (tax on imports)
Mercantilism --> Exports > Imports = Power
The Economic Classes
1. Bourgeoisie (THE RICH CLASS)
2. Petty Bourgeoisie (MIDDLE CLASS)
3. Proletariat (WORKING CLASS)
SAP criticism
1. Hurts poor people - cuts social services
2. Increases inequality
3. Forces Western Economic Ideas
4. Creates dependency on global institutions
Lootability
Some resources (diamonds, gold, cobalt) can be used to fuel war
It is easy for armed groups to steal and sell a resource --> Easy resource to sell --> high lootability --> more conflict
Feminism vs Realism
Feminist international relations challenges realism by redefining power and security, arguing that security is not just military strength but includes social, economic, and human well-being
Security Paradox
Trying to be safer can make you less safe
1. India scared of Pakistan --> invests more in military
2. Pakistan now scared of India's military --> invests more in its military
3. India now scared of Pakistans military --> invests more in military
SAPs (extra points if you can tell me them)
1. Cut government spending
2. Privatize industries
3. Open markets
4. Reduce government control
WTO (bonus if you say the person)
World Trade Organization
Replaced GATT
Goal: Promote free and unrestricted international trade
640 staff members
Reciprocity --> I'll help you if you help me
Non-discrimination --> countries must treat trading partners as equals
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Variants of Marxism
1. Socialism --> government helps redistribute wealth
2. Marxism --> the rich exploit workers
3. Stalinism --> FORCED equality
4. Maoism --> focused on peasants, not just workers
Bretton Woods System
A global system to keep money stable between countries after WW2
Every country pegged its currency to the US dollar
Was run by the IMF which kept currencies stable and the world bank which helps rebuild countries
Ended in 1971 because the US printed too much money and didn't have enough gold to back it
International Integration
Allocation of sovereignty FROM the state to regional or global institutions
- Countries used to have full control and make decisions all by themselves
- Now countries give some power away to organizations like the WTO
3 eras of globalization
1. Colonies
2. Countries
3. Companies
Neo-Functionalism
Cooperation in one area will lead to cooperation in more areas
The spillover/domino effect
If you are integrated in one way, you will keep integrating in others
1. States/IGO's (top of triangle) (Canada)
2. Companies/Capital (bottom left) (Nike)
3. Civil Society/NGOs (bottom right) (red cross)
Kimberely Process
A global agreement to stop trade in conflict diamonds (2002)
Conflict diamonds dropped from 5-20% in the 90s to 0.2% today
Goal: only allow diamonds that have been varified as being conflict free
ICTs
Information and Communication Technologies
Greater access to information increases power (for states and non-state actors)
Main source of news in South Sudan
Hand-Crank Radio
Forms of Globalization
1. Economic: trade between countries, TNC's, etc.
2. Political: global institutions, shared rules (WTO), loss of sovereignty
3. Technological: ICT, Internet
4. Cultural: Western Influence
5. Social/intellectual: Sharing ideas, Education
TNCs
Transnational cooperation
Company that operates in at least TWO countries
Workers, factories, selling
Why is climate change politically difficult
1. Short term costs vs long term benefits (switching to clean energy costs money now but the benefits happen later)
2. Requires making sacrifices (who loses because certain industries are more affected)
3. Which countries should reduce emissions the most (Some countries pollute more than others)
Global Governance
Countries, organizations, and groups working together to solve problems that span borders
No single country can solve these alone --> cooperation is a MUST
Global Collective Good --> cooperation=benefits everyone