OVERVIEW
Any individual over this age is no longer protected by juvenile jurisdiction.
What is maximum age jurisdiction?
Under common law doctrine, a juvenile of this age or older could receive the same punishment as an adult.
What is 7 years old?
This case abolished the death penalty for juveniles, defined as anyone under 18 when a crime is committed.
What is Roper v. Simmons (2005)?
A punishment must be swift, certain, and severe for this theory to work.
What is deterrence theory?
Residential turnover, heterogeneity, and disorder are characteristics of which area, according to Shaw & McKay’s theory of Social Disorganization?
What is the Zone of Transition?
Running away, skipping school, violating curfew, to name a few…
What are status offenses?
These reformers developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation to create the juvenile justice system.
Who are the Child Savers?
This case found that a sentence of life without parole for a juvenile who commits a non-homicide offense violates the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment.
What is Graham v. Florida (2010)?
_________ deterrence targets offenders who have already been apprehended, while __________ deterrence aims to divert would-be offenders from engaging in criminal activity.
What is specific and general deterrence?
We discussed FIVE Techniques of Neutralization, as proposed by Sykes & Matza. Please name three of them.
Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of victim
Condemnation of the condemners
Appeal to higher loyalties
These are the juvenile justice system terms for "conviction" and "sentence."
What are "adjudication" and "disposition"?
The decision in this court case determined that parens patriae is constitutional.
What is Ex Parte Crouse?
This case protected youth from double jeopardy in juvenile and adult courts.
What is Breed v. Jones (1975)?
These are the three key elements of Cohen & Felson’s Routine Activities Theory.
What are motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians?
If someone accepts the goals of the American Dream and accepts the means to achieve that goal, then he/she is likely using which adaptation to strain?
What is a conformist?
This is the most common disposition for juvenile offenders.
What is a nominal sanction and/or probation?
Where and when was the first juvenile court founded?
What is Cook County, Illinois (Chicago) in 1899?
This case found that school searches do NOT violate Fourth Amendment protections.
What is New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)?
The ____________ school of thought is associated with rational choice, while the ____________ is more associated with individual traits (factors outside an individual’s control) as predicting delinquency.
What are the classical school and the positive school?
Sampson & Laub’s Age-Graded Theory argues that there are two key turning points in adulthood that can help a person desist from delinquency/crime. What are those turning points?
What are employment and marriage?
These are the two main sources of referrals to juvenile court.
What are law enforcement agencies and parents/schools?
We discussed some weaknesses of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) - official data from the F.B.I. Describe two of them.
1) Voluntary for police to report their county's crime rates
2) Police have great discretion in arrest
3) Many crimes are not officially reported.
According to Beth Cauffman’s TED talk, _________ can develop more quickly during teenage years, while ____________ often fails to develop fully until the age of 25.
Intellectual ability, emotional maturity
According to Hirschi, these are the four key dimensions of social bonds.
What are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief?
We discussed NINE tenets of Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory. Describe THREE of them.
1. Criminal behavior is learned.
2. …in interaction with other persons
3. Intimate personal groups
4. Techniques of crime, specific directions of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
5. Definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
6. Excess of pro-criminal definitions causes delinquency
7. Vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
8. Same as any other learning.
9. Criminal behavior is not explained by general needs and values