Realism & Liberalism
This is how we describe an international system where there is no authority above the nation-state that can enforce agreements between states
What is anarchic?
The range of outcomes that both parties prefer to war
What is the bargaining range?
This refers to actors adjusting their behavior to make at least one of the actors better off than the status quo
What is cooperation?
The main reason why democracies can more credibly signal resolve and intent in conflicts than autocracies
What are higher audience costs?
Concept refers to how actors lack information about one another's resolve and and/or capabilities
What is incomplete information?
What realism argues is the best way to achieve stability in global politics
What is a balance of power?
What is why do states go to war even though it is so costly?
Set of outcomes that are pareto optimal, such that no player can be made better off without making another player worse off
What is the pareto frontier?
What is the main observation underlying the democratic peace hypothesis?
What is that mature democracies rarely, if ever, fight wars with one another?
Attributes of decision makers, roles of decision makers, structure of government, characteristics of society, bilateral relations, regional/global system
This term refers to the situation when one country's gain is considered to be another country's loss
what is a zero-sum game?
The outcome that is achieved if a bargain is not reached and thus influences how actors bargain
What is the reversion outcome?
A good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous is called
What is a public good
The tendency for voters to increase their support of leaders in response to crises and conflicts, which gives leaders a diversionary incentive
What is the rally around the flag effect?
In game theory, the best strategy a play can play, regardless of what the other player does?
What is the dominant strategy
what is the security dilemma ?
This happens to the bargaining range when leaders consider the diversionary war incentive
What is decrease in the bargaining range?
This is a cooperation problem where there is an incentive to cheat
What is a collaboration problem
A type of war that a leader may start in order to distract the public from other domestic issues and rally domestic support
What is a diversionary war?
What is the main difference between the prisoner's dilemma and the chicken game?
What is, unlike the prisoner's dilemma, mutual defection is the worst outcome in chicken game?
According to liberalism, what are the two main ways that international institutions allow states to cooperate and achieve joint gains in positive-sum games
What is reduce uncertainty and lower transaction costs?
What is the main difference between bargaining theory and realism?
What is their belief of the true cause of war and how to avoid it?
- bargaining theory --> conflict is due to bargaining failure (due to information problems and commitment problems, so war can be avoided when these failure are avoided)
- Realism thinks power imbalances and security dilemmas cause war and make it inevitable
This is an obstacle to cooperation that occurs when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts with the expectation that others will pay the costs of cooperation
What is collective action problems?
What does credibility require? (hint: required because cheap talk is pervasive)
What are costly signals? (an action or policy that inflicts nontrivial costs on the send of the signal)
This is the main difference between a nation and a state
What is states must have a territory, bureacracy, and monopoly on the legitimate use of force, while nations only need to have a shared history and identity, often based on shared religious, ethnic, and/or linguistic identity