Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Primary cause
What is a small or unstable pharyngeal airway?
(Obesity, Tonsillar hypertrophy, Small or recessed chin, Genetic predisposition)
First-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnea
What is CPAP?
Often features this pattern of breathing.
What is Cheyne-Stokes?
(will also accept periodic breathing)
Repeated episodes of complete cessation of airflow for 10 seconds or longer
What is sleep apnea?
The nasal cannula used during a sleep study measures this
What is airflow and nasal pressure?
Signs and Symptoms
What are...
Habitual, loud snoring
Struggles to stay awake while inactive
Difficulty paying attention or concentrating
Slowed responses
Need to take naps daily
Falls asleep while driving
Morning headaches
Depression
Best behavioral change to treat OSA
What is weight loss?
Due to a problem with signals from the brain. These efforts won't be detected during CSA episodes/events
What is chest wall or abdominal effort
A significant decrease in breathing without cessation of airflow.
What is Hypopnea?
(30% decrease in airflow and 4% decrease in oxygen saturation)
A sleep study shows simultaneous cessation of airflow and respiratory muscle effort. This is consistent with..
What is Central Sleep Apnea
Often features this breathing pattern
What is paradoxical?
Average CPAP level for elimination of OSA
What is between 7.5 and 12.5 cmH2O?
This can diminish respiratory control and cause central apnea events
What is high-altitude hypoxemia
This disorder contains elements of both OSA and CSA
This test measures brain activity
What is Electroencephalogram?
Patients with COPD and OSA are most at risk for this syndrome.
What is overlap syndrome
This term is used to describe CPAP units that use a computer to adjust CPAP levels as needed by the patient during sleep
What is Auto-CPAP
Associated conditions
What are
•Primary central nervous system lesions,
• stroke,
• congestive heart failure, and
• high-altitude hypoxemia
Causes for this apnea include brainstem lesions, stroke, and encephalitis
Central sleep apnea
An AHI index of 15-30 is considered
What is moderate sleep apnea
Long term harmful effects
What are...
Psychosocial problems
Impotence or decreased libido
High blood pressure
Coronary artery disease
Myocardial infarction
Heart failure
Stroke
Reduced quality of life
The name of surgical therapy that involves cutting portions of the soft palate, the uvula and additional redundant tissue
What is Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Observed more often in this sleep cycle
What is 1-NREM or during REM?
term for a normal breathing pattern during sleep
What is Eupnea
How an AHI is calculated
What is the Number of Apneic Episodes and Hypopnea Episodes divided by the Number of Hours of Sleep
AHI= (Apneic Episodes + Hypopnea Episodes) / Hours Slept