Popper
Popper argued that no amount of positive evidence can ever completely establish the truth of a scientific theory.
What is verification?
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
What famous book did Thomas Kuhn publish in 1962?
One philosopher viewed science as a process of falsification, while the other viewed it as a sequence of paradigms, crises, and revolutions.
What is the difference between Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn?
According to Popper, scientific progress happens through this process of proposing bold ideas and eliminating false ones.
What is conjectures and refutations?
In Kuhn's view, scientists working within a paradigm generally ignore or attempt to explain away these unexpected findings.
What are anomalies?
The methodology where theories are treated purely as “lenses” to look at data, which is completely opposite to Popper’s deductive testing.
What is the Social Sciences methodology (Kuhn’s approach)?
This principle, proposed by Popper, states that a theory is scientific only if it can be proven false.
What is falsifiability?
Kuhn argued that science advances through these sudden, non-linear changes where one paradigm replaces another. This was suggested as the solution to the demarcation problem.
What are paradigm shifts (or scientific revolutions)?
In the induction method , this is the middle step that connects a raw Observation to the final Theory.
What is a Pattern ?
Popper rejected this method of reasoning, arguing that generalizations from observations are never secure.
What is induction?
This stage in Kuhn’s cycle occurs when anomalies accumulate, leading to a breakdown of the existing paradigm.
What is a crisis?
The final outcome in Popper’s deduction flow chart after you test your theory through observation.
What is Confirmation (or rejection)?
Popper argued that this field, which makes unfalsifiable predictions, fails to meet the criteria of a scientific theory.
What is Astrology?
In Kuhn’s framework, this term describes the period where scientists work within a dominant paradigm, solving puzzles rather than questioning foundations
What is normal science?
In Popper’s deduction method, this is the very first step you must start with before you even begin making observations.
What is a Theory?